1. A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CRUDE OIL
A guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2. CRUDE OIL INTRODUCTION www.knockhardy.org.uk
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

3. CRUDE OIL
CONTENTS
Origin of crude oil
Fractional distillation
Cracking
For more detailed information on the properties of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes, see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

4. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

5. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE

6. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
Other examples AIR contains different gases
SMARTIES contains different sweets

7. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
The oxygen in air behaves as oxygen
The orange Smarties® in SMARTIES® taste of orange

8. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged.
It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including filtration, chromatography, distillation and, for crude oil, fractional distillation.

9. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

10. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
(compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen)

11. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

12. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

13. CRUDE OIL
WHAT IS IT?
CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT
BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS
IS A MIXTURE
CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS
CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS
ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

14. CRUDE OIL HOW WAS IT FORMED?
FROM ORGANISMS WHICH LIVED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO
THEIR REMAINS WERE COVERED BY LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR CONVERTED THE REMAINS INTO FOSSIL FUELS
GAS AND OIL
ARE TRAPPED
UNDERGROUND -
THEY CAN’T GET
THROUGH THE
NON-POROUS LAYERS
DRILLING PIPE
NON-POROUS
ROCKS
GAS
OIL
POROUS ROCK

15. CRUDE OIL HOW IS IT PROCESSED? CRUDE OIL CAN BE SPLIT INTO FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS - GROUPS OF COMPOUNDS WITH SIMILAR BOILING POINTS
THE PROCESS IS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

16. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

17. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION THE DISTILLATION TOWER
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE DISTILLATION TOWER

18. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
CRUDE OIL IS FED INTO THE TOWER
CRUDE OIL

19. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE CRUDE OIL IS HEATED UNTIL IT ALL TURNS TO GAS
CRUDE OIL
FURNACE

20. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT GASES ENTER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOWER
CRUDE OIL
FURNACE

21. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER
CRUDE OIL
FURNACE

22. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER. AS THE TRAVEL UP, THEY COOL DOWN.
CRUDE OIL
FURNACE

23. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
THE BITUMEN FRACTION CONTAINS THE LARGEST MOLECULES AND THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST BOILING POINTS – THEY TURN BACK TO LIQUID FIRST
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

24. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
MOLECULES IN THE LUBRICATING OIL FRACTION ARE NOT AS LARGE AS THOSE IN THE BITUMEN FRACTION SO CONDENSE FURTHER UP THE TOWER
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

25. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

26. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

27. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED
THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

28. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
PETROLEUM GAS
COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FRACTION HAVE VERY LOW BOILING POINTS AND DON’T TURN BACK TO THE LIQUID STATE
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

29. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
CRUDE OIL
BITUMEN
FURNACE

30. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
ANIMATION

31. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES HAVE FEWER CARBON ATOMS
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN

32. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES ARE SMALLER
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN

33. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES HAVE LOWER BOILING POINTS
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN

34. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES ARE MORE VOLATILE
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
VOLATILE = Having a low boiling point

35. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES ARE LESS VISCOUS
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
VISCOUS = not very runny (a bit like syrup)

36. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES IGNITE MORE EASILY
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN

37. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS
PETROL
PARAFFIN
MOLECULES REQUIRE LESS OXYGEN TO BURN PROPERLY
DIESEL
LUBRICATING OIL
BITUMEN
The more carbon atoms there are the more oxygen you need

38. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Boiling C’s per Name of Use(s)
range / °C molecule fraction
< LPG Calor / Camping Gas
GASOLINE Petrol
NAPHTHA Petrochemicals
KEROSINE Aviation
GAS OIL Central Heating
> LUBRICATING OIL Lubrication Oil
> FUEL OIL Power Stations, ships
> WAX, GREASE Candles, grease
> > 50 BITUMEN Road surfaces, Roofs

39. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES
FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER
SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS
THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE

40. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES
DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES
FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER
SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS
THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE
LARGER MOLECULES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLER
ONES - THIS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

41. CRACKING

42. CRACKING WHY IS IT DONE? LARGER HYDROCARBON MOLECULES ARE LESS USEFUL
THEY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES
SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MORE USEFUL

43. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
HEAT
LIQUID

44. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
HEAT
LIQUID VAPOUR

45. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
HEAT
CATALYST
LIQUID VAPOUR

46. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE
HEAT
CATALYST
LIQUID VAPOUR
SMALLER MOLECULES

47. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS)
THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST
BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE
HEAT
CATALYST
LIQUID VAPOUR
SMALLER MOLECULES
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION (BREAKING UP BY HEATING) TAKES PLACE
CATALYSTS HELP SPEED UP REACTIONS

48. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

49. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

50. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

51. HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES
CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
ALKANE
ALKANE
HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES

52. HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES
CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
ALKENE
ALKENE
HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES

53. CRACKING
WHAT HAPPENS?
MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
ALKANE
ALKENE
ALKANE
ALKENE
HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES
HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES

54. ©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CRUDEOIL
THE END
©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING