1. CRUDE OIL Fossil Fuel(Today’s World Dependence) Nonrenewable Energy Source Extracted from deep wells, either on land or on the seafloor Chemical Composition: Hundreds of chemicals including: Nitrogen compounds Oxygen compounds Sulfur compounds (e.g. toxic Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S)) Heavy metal contaminants (Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, V, etc.) Hydrocarbons (the vast majority): Alkanes (C n H 2n+2 ) [also called Aliphatic hydrocarbons] Methane (CH 4 ), Ethane (CH 3 CH 3 ), Propane (CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ), Butane (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), etc. Waxes (longer chain alkanes, C >18 ) Isoalkanes & Cycloalkanes Aromatic hydrocarbons examples: Benzene (C 6 H 6 ), Ethylbenzene, Xylenes, etc. Asphaltenes (high molecular weight hydrocarbons)

2. CRUDE OIL Commonly Used Chemical Sub-classifications in the Petroleum Industry: Olefinic: linear chain aliphatic hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds; ethylene (C 2 H 2 ) is the smallest olefin. Paraffinic: (paraffins, C n H 2n+2 ) aliphatic hydrocarbons C 6 – C 18 longer chain aliphatics, C >18, are paraffin waxes Naphtha is the lightest paraffin, then kerosene. Isoparaffinic: branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, generally C 10 – C 15 Naphthalenic: naphthalene and related aromatics Asphaltic: high molecular weight cycloaliphatics high viscosity lubricating oils

3. CRUDE OIL More Terms, Commonly Used Chemical Sub-classifications: TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) subdivided by chain length: GRO-TPH (gasoline range organics)C 6 – C 10 DRO-TPH (diesel range organics)C 10 – C 28 ORO-TPH (oil range organics)C 28 – C >35 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) include most GRO and some DRO BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Some are carcinogenic, including the prototype PAH carcinogen, Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]

4. CRUDE OIL More Terms: Light crude oil: low paraffin wax content Heavy crude oil: higher density, high paraffin wax content, flow rate is slow Sweet crude oil: low sulfur content

5. CRUDE OIL Extraction from deep wells Onshore, Offshore, or Imported Transportation Pipeline, Supertanker, Tanker, Barge, Truck, & Railcar Refineries Gasoline, jet fuel, lubricants, kerosene, asphalt, etc. and then back to: Transportation & Storage Consumers

6. PRODUCTS OF REFINING CRUDE OIL Per Barrel (44 gallons) Gasoline Distillate Fuel Oil Jet Fuel Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Gases Still Gas Petroleum Coke Asphalt / Road Oil Lubricants Kerosene Other 19.5 gallons (44%) 9.2 gallons (21%) 4.1 gallons ( 9.3%) 2.3 gallons ( 5.2%) 1.9 gallons ( 4.3%) 1.8 gallons ( 4.0%) 1.3 gallons ( 3.0%) 0.5 gallons ( 1.1%) 0.2 gallons ( 0.5%) 1.5 gallons ( 3.3%)

7. OIL SPILLS Environmental impacts are mostly due to oil spills and from combustion products Exxon-Valdez 1989 Oil in the Marine Waters Natural Seepage Tanker & Supertanker Accidents Platform Blow-out Deepwater Horizon 2010

8. Deepwater Horizon Disaster Deepwater Horizon Platform (semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling rig) located in the Gulf of Mexico 50 miles south from the tip of Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi River Platform Explosion and Fire, April 20, 2010 Well Blow-Out on sea bottom 5,000 ft depth Plugged on July 15, 2010 (after 86 days) Estimated 4.9 million barrels (206 gallons)

9. OIL SPILL IMPACT Oiled birds and marine life Habitat disruption Fish, Shrimp, Crab, Oyster Beds Estuarine disruption Food chain issues

10. Oil Reached Marine Estuaries

11. RECOVER & REMEDIATION Deepwater Horizon Spill Skimming Burning Dispersants (COREXIT 9500) Natural Evaporation Dissolution Bacterial action Sinks to bottom

12. OIL CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY SHORE PROTECTION

13. SUMMARY CRUDE OIL Chemical Composition Environmental Impacts Combustion Products Oil Spills Marine Wildlife Fisheries Habitats