1. Range Anxiety, RekkEVidde or Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Facts about EV range EV or Plug-in Hybrid? TEMPO - 13. mai 2013 - Rolf Hagman rha@toi.norha@toi.no

2. Side EV - Range Anxiety 2

3. Side Assessing Range Anxiety 3

4. Side RekkEVidde (EV range) Consortium 4

5. Side RekkEVidde objectives 5

6. Side What about range for the new EVs? 6 Citroën C-Zero Nissan Leaf Scientific aproach Range is influenced by - driving pattern (cycle), low temperature, rolling and air resistence (coast down)

7. Side Real winter and laboratory tests 7 Test cell - VTT Real winter Artic Falls - TSS

8. Side Real winter results - Rolling resistance: Coast down 25 – 5 km/h (TSS) 8

9. Side Laboratory tests conditions - VTT 9  Normal temperature (+23 °C)  Air resistance for normal temperature  Road load for normal asphalt  Intermediate ambient temperature (-0°C)  Air resistance for intermediate temperature  Road load for normal asphalt  Low ambient temperature (-20 °C)  Air resistance for low temperature  Road load for normal asphalt  Road load for old snow  Road load for new snow

10. Side Results for one of the EVs Energy Consumption (kWh/km) Driving – external cabin heating 10

11. Side Results for one of the EVs Estimated driving range (km) Driving – external cabin heating 11 Note that this EV perform better with the Helsinki City driving cycle on asphalt than with the NED Cycle on asphalt

12. Side Results for one of the EVs Estimated driving range at -20 ºC (km) Driving – with battery heating 3 kW Range Anxiety at remote areas -20 ºC!!! 12 Measures to reduce range anxiety at -20 ºC: Vehicle electric pre-heating and liquid fuel cabin heater. Or a plug-in Hybrid vehicle might be the right choice?

13. Side Avaliable plug-in hybrid vehicles in Norway 13 In relation to today’s combustion engine vehicles - realistic tailpipe CO 2 savings: ”Power split hybridisation” (Toyota style) - 30 % Plug-in hybridisation - 60 %

14. Side Plug-in hybrid vehicles Two technologies in one vehicle  EV for short trips  Hybrid vehicle for long trips  No range anxiety 14 Discharging Hybrid Toyota picture

15. Side Plug-in Prius pre commercial tests with leased vehicles Average driving trip lengths 15

16. Side16 Plug-in Prius pre commercial tests with leased vehicles Average petrol consumption/CO 2 emissions

17. Side17 EVs Size Driving range need Petrol, diesel, biofuels Electric energy Plug-in Hybrid vehicles Avoiding Range Anxiety in cold climate