1. ENERGY ON THE OCEANS TOPIC DEBATING AND UNDERSTANDING ENERGY POLICY

2. OVERVIEW Oil & Natural Gas Offshore Wind Ocean Energy OTEC, Tidal Power, etc. Methane Hydrates Additional Offshore Energy

3. OIL AND NATURAL GAS

4. OIL & NATURAL GAS: SIMILARITIES Hydrocarbon: a substance that contains only carbon and hydrogen Oil & Natural Gas are often found together in underground reservoirs Reservoirs: rock formations that hold oil, natural gas or both within their pores.

5. OIL BASICS What is oil used for? Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, etc.) Plastics Asphalt Fertilizer Heat Some electricity Who produces oil? (Top 5) Russia Saudi Arabia United States Iran China

6. OIL ECONOMICS Supply: the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers Demand: how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers

7. OIL GEOPOLITICS Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Members: Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola

9. OIL ADVANTAGES Oil Independence Oil Prices Economic Growth

10. NATURAL GAS BASICS What is natural gas used for? Heating Cooking Electricity Chemical Feedstocks Who produces natural gas? (Top 5) United States Russia European Union Iran Canada

11. NATURAL GAS MARKETS NATURAL GAS PRICES Prices differ regionally Natural gas is exchanged in regional markets OIL PRICES Sold at one price, all over the world Exchanged in a global market

12. NATURAL GAS GEOPOLITICS There is no “OPEC” of natural gas However, the EU is highly dependent on Russia for natural gas Creates foreign policy constraints

13. NATURAL GAS ADVANTAGES Warming Natural Gas Exports Natural Gas Prices

14. OIL & NATURAL GAS: NEGATIVE POSITIONS Environment DA Oil Prices DA Natural Gas Prices DA Military DA Politics DA Onshore CP

15. OFFSHORE WIND

16. CURRENT STATE OF OFFSHORE WIND Widespread development in Europe Investment beginning in the United States, but lack of incentives/regulatory certainty Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

17. OFFSHORE WIND: ADVANTAGES Warming Economy Federalism

18. OFFSHORE WIND: NEGATIVE POSITIONS Case Turn: Wind Increases CO2 Politics DA Budget DA Environment DA Electricity Prices DA Onshore CP Free Market CP

19. MARINE ENERGY

20. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= qGwsvuxuK7g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= qGwsvuxuK7g Works best in areas with large difference in ocean temperatures, such as Hawaii

21. CURRENT STATE OF OTEC DEVELOPMENT Fully operational OTEC plant opened in Japan in 2013 Technical and cost challenges remain

22. OTEC: ADVANTAGES Warming Economy Desalination Hydrogen Production Chill-Soil Agriculture Aquaculture Mineral Extraction

24. OTEC: NEGATIVE POSITIONS Budget DA Politics DA Electricity Prices DA Environment DA Land-Based CP EIS CP

25. WAVE POWER Uses waves to generate electricity Projects in Portugal and Oregon Environmental issues

26. TIDAL POWER Uses the power of the tide to create electricity May not be topical, depending on the type of tidal power Environmental issues

27. OCEAN CURRENT POWER Uses ocean currents to generate electricity Least developed type of ocean energy

28. METHANE HYDRATES

29. WHAT ARE METHANE HYDRATES? Methane hydrate: a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice Found in sea-floor sediments and arctic permafrost

30. CURRENT STATE OF METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION Test drillings in Canada and Japan Becoming cost-effective Seen as a potential breakthrough source of energy

31. METHANE HYDRATES: ADVANTAGES Warming Economy Energy Leadership Arctic/Russia

32. METHANE HYDRATES: NEGATIVE ARGUMENTS Warming DA Technical/Solvency Issues

33. ADDITIONAL ENERGY TYPES

34. FLOATING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (FNPP) Russia has invested in FNPPs New 2014 solvency advocates Potential advantages include: Warming, Desalination, Hegemony Environment DA

35. UNDERSEA COAL GASIFICATION Coal gasification Syngas: fuel gas mixture consisting of hydrogen and natural gas Warming Advantage? Pollution DA

36. OFFSHORE SOLAR Currently being developed in Japan Technology is not very advanced, not a likely affirmative

37. MARINE ALGAE BIOFUELS Algae biofuels are typically freshwater Marine algae biofuels are possible but underdeveloped