1. Life at the Extreme What types of life should we expect? ASTR 1420 Lecture 10 Sections 5.5

2. Extremophiles To peek into the possible forms of life in the Universe, we start by studying Earth life at extreme conditions. Extremophile = love of the extreme = an organism that thrives under “extreme” conditions. “Extremity” is relative to human  for example, low-oxygen environ is harsh and extreme for humans, but for many organisms, oxygen is poisonous.

3. Thermophiles : Deep Sea Vent The first extremophile to have its genome sequenced was Methanococcus jannaschii, a microbe that lives near hydrothermal vents 2,600 meters below sea level, where temperatures approach the boiling point of water and the pressure is sufficient to crush an ordinary submarine The first extremophile to have its genome sequenced was Methanococcus jannaschii, a microbe that lives near hydrothermal vents 2,600 meters below sea level, where temperatures approach the boiling point of water and the pressure is sufficient to crush an ordinary submarine

4. Thermophile first discovered by Thomas D. Brock in 1969, in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Since then, more than fifty species have been discovered first discovered by Thomas D. Brock in 1969, in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Since then, more than fifty species have been discovered Different colors represent different groups of themorphiles Different colors represent different groups of themorphiles Strain 121 : a single-cell microbe able to survive and reproduce at 121 °C (250 °F) Strain 121 : a single-cell microbe able to survive and reproduce at 121 °C (250 °F)  can even tolerate 130 °C!  can even tolerate 130 °C!

5. Deinococcus radiodurans The most radiation-resistant organism known The most radiation-resistant organism known Discovered decades ago in canned food that was sterilized using radiation. Red patches appeared in the cans – colonies of the bacterium – setting off questions as to how it could have survived. Discovered decades ago in canned food that was sterilized using radiation. Red patches appeared in the cans – colonies of the bacterium – setting off questions as to how it could have survived. Flourishing in radioactive wastes Flourishing in radioactive wastes Withstand 3,000 times more radiation than human can survive Withstand 3,000 times more radiation than human can survive Also endure dehydration and low temperature  found at the South Pole Also endure dehydration and low temperature  found at the South Pole effectively repair DNA damages by radiation (about 100 times better than human). effectively repair DNA damages by radiation (about 100 times better than human).

6. Owens Lake

7. Halophiles Some hypersaline lakes (e.g., Great Salt Lake, Mono lake, Owens Lake, etc.) have high salt concentrations as well as a significant amount of sulfate. The same could be said for the evaporates discovered on the Meridiani Planum plains of Mars, a hypothesized salt lake. Some hypersaline lakes (e.g., Great Salt Lake, Mono lake, Owens Lake, etc.) have high salt concentrations as well as a significant amount of sulfate. The same could be said for the evaporates discovered on the Meridiani Planum plains of Mars, a hypothesized salt lake. halophiles can remain dormant for long periods of time  good possibility of finding life in salt crystals from the red planet halophiles can remain dormant for long periods of time  good possibility of finding life in salt crystals from the red planet

8. Endoliths Antarctica dry valley: microbes live in pores b/w mineral grains Antarctica dry valley: microbes live in pores b/w mineral grains  Microbes are frozen and dormant for most of the year  Live in summers, 500 hours per year (3% of the year)  endure low humidity and low temperature

9. Examples of extremophiles Environmental parameter TypeDefinitionExamples temperaturehyperthermophile thermophile mesophile psychrophile Growth > 80C Growth 60-80C 15-60C < 15C Pyrolobus fumarii, 113C Synechococcus lividis Human Psychrobacter, some insects radiationDeinococcus radiodurans pressurepiezophilePressure lovingMicrobe at 1,300 bar vacuumTolerates vacuumTardigrades, insects, seeds, microbes desiccationxerophileanhydrobioticArtemia salina, fungi, lichens salinityhalophileSalt lovinghalobacteriacea pHalkaliphile acidophile pH > 9 Low pH loving Natronobacterium (pH>10.5) Ferroplasma sp. (pH=0) oxygenanaerobe microaerophile aerobe Cannot tolerate O 2 Tolerates some O 2 Requires O 2 Methanococcus jannaschii Clostrifium Human …New discoveries pour in…

10. Asphalt Lake Microbial life lives in the liquid asphalt lake Pitch Lake (in Trinidad). Extremophiles inhabit the asphalt lake in populations ranging between 10 6 to 10 7 cells/gram. Gene sequences from these creatures show that they are single celled organisms such as archea and bacteria. They thrive in an oxygen- free environment with very little water, eating hydrocarbons and respiring with metals. 2010, Washington State Univ. (Dr. Schulze-Makuch)

11. Hypergravity : Well trained fighter pilots can endure ~9g with a g-suit Well trained fighter pilots can endure ~9g with a g-suit About a minute exposure at 15g will kill human About a minute exposure at 15g will kill human bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g (super-novae, black-holes?) bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g (super-novae, black-holes?) experiment carried in Japan recently (2010). experiment carried in Japan recently (2010). 1 g @400,000 g E. coli and Paracoccus denitrificans

12. Relevance of Life in Icy Worlds Snowball Earth has happened (many times!) Snowball Earth has happened (many times!) Arctic/Antarctic provide a guidance Arctic/Antarctic provide a guidance Other icy worlds in solar system Other icy worlds in solar system o Snowball Earth + polar icy ocean o Mars: polar ice, permafrost o Snowball Jovian Moons o Planets around other stars

13. Arctic Sea Ice (cryophile) Ice core with an algae band… Ice core with an algae band…

14. New Harbor, Antarctic

15. Flourishing Ecosystem under Ice Krill grazing bottom of ice Fish & Diatoms

16. Life below the Ice Not all extremophiles are primitive!

17. Tardigrades Tardi-grade : “slow walker” As big as 1.5mm Can be found nearly everywhere on (and under) the Earth!

18. Tardigrades “Water Bears” Water bears are fundamentally aquatic animals, using their eight legs to walk in liquid. Water bears are fundamentally aquatic animals, using their eight legs to walk in liquid. They can survive at extremely low temperature (-272C), high temperature (151C), endure 1000 times more radiation than any animals, endure 6,000 atmospheric pressure, nearly a decade without water, and even in vacuum. They can survive at extremely low temperature (-272C), high temperature (151C), endure 1000 times more radiation than any animals, endure 6,000 atmospheric pressure, nearly a decade without water, and even in vacuum.

19. Tardigrades “Water Bears” Some tardigrades eat microscopic animals, while others consume algae (Credit: NASA Ames) Some tardigrades eat microscopic animals, while others consume algae (Credit: NASA Ames) Tardigrades are not primitive! Tardigrades are not primitive! In 2007 September, A group of tardigrades were sent to the space to study their survival capability in open vacuum and solar radiation. They stayed in the vacuum for 10 days and returned to the ground. Nearly all of them survived! In 2007 September, A group of tardigrades were sent to the space to study their survival capability in open vacuum and solar radiation. They stayed in the vacuum for 10 days and returned to the ground. Nearly all of them survived!

20. Water bears … More than 1,000 different species known! More than 1,000 different species known! are very small (typically 0.3 to 0.5 mm) but not primitive are very small (typically 0.3 to 0.5 mm) but not primitive have a precise muscle control and move like higher animals have a precise muscle control and move like higher animals resemble little bears; some have claws like cats resemble little bears; some have claws like cats have a mouth, head, brain, legs, eyes, nerves, muscles … have a mouth, head, brain, legs, eyes, nerves, muscles … live next door to you (for sure) live next door to you (for sure) are thought to be extraterrestrials by some authors are thought to be extraterrestrials by some authors have strange eggs which look like miniature artwork have strange eggs which look like miniature artwork can transform into a dry state which can return to life after years can transform into a dry state which can return to life after years in dry state need only a drop of water to revive in dry state need only a drop of water to revive in dry state survive acid and solvent attack in dry state survive acid and solvent attack in dry state survive very high and very low temperatures in dry state survive very high and very low temperatures in dry state survive high pressure and radioactive radiation in dry state survive high pressure and radioactive radiation have been found under 5 m layers of ice have been found under 5 m layers of ice have been found in oceans 6000 m below the surface have been found in oceans 6000 m below the surface have been found on mountains, 6000 m high have been found on mountains, 6000 m high

21. What about non-terrestrial Life? Life can take place in a wide variety of environments very different from Earth  their life forms can be quite different from us, in harmony with their local conditions. Life can take place in a wide variety of environments very different from Earth  their life forms can be quite different from us, in harmony with their local conditions. Because of our limited perception, we may be quite biased as … a person in a small local Chinese village may convince that only the Chinese language exists in the world (since it is the only one spoken by all the people around!)…

22. Non-chemical Life? “Black cloud” “Black cloud” In the science fiction written by a British astronomer, Fred Hoyle… Giant interstellar cloud  Can think and move  Networks of molecules  brain  Indefinite lifetime  Thoughts  radio message from one part to another  Starlight = energy source approached to Earth to replenish its energy…discovered human and make a communication! ? Very low density and very low temperature  very slow chemical reaction  really long time for evolution…

23. Non-chemical Life? Life on Neutron Stars Strong force based life… Strong force based life… Surface temperature ~ 1million degrees, enormous gravity…  no molecules (not even atom) can survive. Surface temperature ~ 1million degrees, enormous gravity…  no molecules (not even atom) can survive. Nuclei would last for only 10 -15 second, however this is equivalent to a year! Nuclei would last for only 10 -15 second, however this is equivalent to a year!  evolution (or change in life) happens faster  Entire civilizations could rise and fall a million times while a human eye can wink.  If true, no meaningful way to communicate with them. Frank Drake… Human (170cm) with a speed of about 1m/sec with 70 years of lifetime  1 billion times of its body size… Nuclei of size 10 -13 cm with speed of 1000 km/sec and lifetime of 10 -15 second  travel distance = 10 -15 sec*1000 km/sec = 10 -12 km = 1 million times of its body size!

24. Non-chemical Life? Entire galaxy as a living organism Entire galaxy as a living organism Life based on gravitational force Life based on gravitational force Stars are the subunit as atoms in our body Stars are the subunit as atoms in our body Stars interact on a time scale of many millions of years. Stars interact on a time scale of many millions of years. If we think that a life can emerge from repeated interactions among stars… If we think that a life can emerge from repeated interactions among stars…  millions of such interactions are needed for life to begin at the molecular level.  Universe is far too young to have such life forms!

25. Alternative Chemical Life Life in ammonia, Life in hydrocarbons, Silicate life Life in ammonia, Life in hydrocarbons, Silicate life within our Solar System 1.Earth : in interior magma, or within specialized niches on the surface 2.Mars : if life is present, it is probably based on Carbon and Water 3.Jupiter : many possibilities 4.Europa : underground water life. 5.Io, Venus : life in liquid sulfur 6.Titan : ammonia- or hydrocarbon-based.

26. In summary… Important Concepts Some remarkably resilient species Good guidance to search for life beyond Earth Remarkable tardigrades! Important Terms Extremophile Predestinists Carbaquists Chapter/sections covered in this lecture : 5.5