1. Heparin Resistance “Heparin resistance is a term used to describe the situation when patients require unusually high doses of heparin to achieve a therapeutic APTT” “True resistance” refers to a situation where the low APTT is reflective of a true absence of anticoagulation “Psuedoresistance” refers to a situation where the patient is adequately anticoagulated despite a low APTT Has been arbitrarily defined as the requirement for >35,000 units/24 hours ~25% of patients with VTE fulfill this requirement Chest 2001;119:64S-94S

2. MOA Catalyzes antithrombin’s irreversible binding to clotting factors Xa and IIa (thrombin) Prevents further coagulation but is not a thrombolytic PK Elimination 1.Rapid, saturable clearance through binding to endothelial cells/proteins 2.Renal elimination T1/2 – dose dependant, but typically between 1-2 hours Heparin: Background

3. Heparin: Mechanism Unique Pentasaccharide sequence that interacts with antithrombin Only heparin molecules with at least 18 saccharides (~6000 daltons)can bind both antithrombin and thrombin ATIII forms irreversible covalent bonds with thrombin or Xa Only activated coagulation factors are targeted

4. AT III

5. Heparin: Monitoring APTT Evaluates the activity of the intrinsic pathway (factors I,II, V, VIII, IX, XI, XII,). Not affected by inhibition of Xa. (target 1.5 to 2.5 times normal) Anti- factor Xa Evaluates the amount of factor Xa that the heparin in the blood is able to neutralize (target 0.35 to 0.7 units/ml ref: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8267489) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8267489 http://www.fritsmafactor.com/newfritsmafactor/?p=2489 APTT

6. Heparin Resistance: Mechanisms

7. Heparin Resistance: Mechanism MechanismsEffects  clearance due to binding to acute Phase reactants (true resistance) Levels of certain acute phase reactants and other plasma proteins that bind to and clear heparin are increased in inflammatory states. A study found septic patients have more heparin bound to plasma proteins ( Young Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and vascular biology 1997;17:1568) ). Another study found acute-MI patients(an inflammatory condition) have more heparin bound to proteins and associated lower aPTT ( Rich J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007;23:93 ) Another study found acute-PE patients have lower free heparin levels than acute-DVT patients ( Hirsh. Circulation 1976;53:691 ) ATIII Deficiency (true resistance)  production Cirrhosis  Loss Nephrotic Syndrome Enhanced consumption Sepsis with DIC Burn injuries Hepatic veno-occlusive disease CABG Large hemotomas Genetic: Autosomal dominant, fatal if homozygotic with prevalence rate between 1:500-1:5000

8. Heparin Resistance: Mechanism MechanismsEffect  Factor VIII (?psuedo resistance) Mean factor VIII level in heparin resistant patients of 2.39 U/ml vs 1.60 U/ml in non resistant patients. APTT lower in patients with high factor VIII. Anti-Xa assay may be more accurate reflective of degree of anticoagulation ( Levine. Ach Intern Med 1994;154:49 ) but some authors disagree (British J Haematology;2010:613) Some observational studies have found that with progressively increasing Factor VIII levels there is an increasing risk of venous thrombosis. ( Kamphuisen. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:721) Factor VIII levels are increased in association with obesity, diabetes, fibrinogen, triglycerides, increased age and is an acute phase reactant (malignancy, chronic disease, infection) (Kamphuisen. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:721)

9. LMWH in patients with heparin resistance? Mechanisms Effects Increased clearance due to binding to acute Phase reactants LMWH have reduced binding to plasma proteins and as a result have much more consistent anti-Xa and anti- IIa activity. (Cosmi. Circulation 1997;95:118) (Hirsh. Blood 1992;79:1) ATIII Deficiency Dependant on ATIII for their activity. Factor VIIIUnclear effect

10. Fondaparinux in patients with heparin resistance? MechanismsEffect Increased clearance due to binding to acute Phase reactants At therapeutic concentrations fondaparinux is highly (94%) and specifically bound to antithrombin III. Would indicate that increased clearance via protein binding is unlikely (Clin Pharmacokinetics 2002;41 Suppl 2:11) ATIII Deficiency Dependant on ATIII for activity Factor VIIIUnclear effect

11. Rivaroxaban in patients with heparin resistance? MechanismsEffect Increased clearance due to binding to acute Phase reactants Mainly eliminated through metabolism (3A4, 3A5, 2J2) with remainder removed via kidneys. No indication that pharmacokinetics are altered in sepsis ATIII Deficiency Independent of ATIII Factor VIIIUnclear effect

12. Dabigatran in patients with heparin resistance? MechanismsEffect Increased clearance due to binding to acute Phase reactants Not highly bound to plasma proteins. Mainly eliminated via urine/fecal routes. ATIII Deficiency Independent of ATIII Factor VIIIUnclear effect

13. Heparin Resistance Summary Should be evaluated for when patients are receiving >35,000 units/24 hour period Patients with heparin resistance may be over or under anticoagulated depending on the etiology of their resistance If possible consider switching to alternative agent (LMWH, fondaparinux or oral anticoagulant) If not possible consider testing anti-factor Xa levels (target 0.35 to 0.7 u/ml). If therapeutic with low aPTT then likely psuedoresistance