1. Hold Paramount By Meredith Davies, Kailly Vay, Maria Hatgipetros, and Colleen Kane

2. Factors of Safety Buildings have high factors of safety (2.0) Buildings have high factors of safety (2.0) Air frames for airplanes have love factors of safety (1.2) Air frames for airplanes have love factors of safety (1.2) The Asmara overhang might have a factor of safety less that is less than one The Asmara overhang might have a factor of safety less that is less than one What should Chris do?

3. Engineering Triumphs Pyramids and Aqueducts in Rome Pyramids and Aqueducts in Rome St. Petersburg in Russia St. Petersburg in Russia The Brooklyn Bridge in New York The Brooklyn Bridge in New York (John, Washington and Emily Robeling)

4. Engineering Failures Due to errors in calculation or fabrication Due to errors in calculation or fabrication Due to not anticipating all the ways it could fail Due to not anticipating all the ways it could fail Due to not all side effects being predicted Due to not all side effects being predicted Engineers As Managers Does duty to employer over ride duty to the public Does duty to employer over ride duty to the public - Explosion of the Challenger Give benefit of doubt to safety side Give benefit of doubt to safety side “Normalization of Deviance” “Normalization of Deviance”

5. Acceptable Risk At what point do we accept the risk and say that we cannot design the structure any stronger or safer? At what point do we accept the risk and say that we cannot design the structure any stronger or safer? Design is a repetitive process Design is a repetitive process –Structure is postulated –Loads are estimated –Effects of loads are calculated using mathematical principles and well-tested equations Example of Citicorp building Example of Citicorp building

6. Acceptable Risk Engineers cannot produce anything that is completely risk free Engineers cannot produce anything that is completely risk free Engineers are obligated to the public to not subject them to risk levels above that which is commonly expected Engineers are obligated to the public to not subject them to risk levels above that which is commonly expected

7. Decision Making: Technical and Ethical Aspects Technical questions- how to achieve the goal by the most effective and efficient means Technical questions- how to achieve the goal by the most effective and efficient means Generally an agreed upon “right” answer Generally an agreed upon “right” answer State-of-the-art answer exists State-of-the-art answer exists Ethical Questions- how to achieve the goal without compromising any of your own or of society’s values Ethical Questions- how to achieve the goal without compromising any of your own or of society’s values No clear experts on the topic exist No clear experts on the topic exist No “right answers” No “right answers”

8. Consulting with Colleagues It is an engineer’s professional obligation to report unsafe situations It is an engineer’s professional obligation to report unsafe situations Professional Obligations out weigh private interests Professional Obligations out weigh private interests Advice from collegues is beneficial within the bounds of professionalism Advice from collegues is beneficial within the bounds of professionalism Difficult for engineers to be critical of each other Difficult for engineers to be critical of each other