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Movies zimbio.com Mrs. Bartel Film cbsnews.com
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Motion on Film Sequential photography Kinetoscope
Marey & Muybridge, 1877 Kinetoscope Thomas Edison, 1888 William K.L. Dickson Perforated film Sprockets Peepshow viewer Looped on rollers First kinetoscope parlor April 14, 1894 in New York City Edison's Kinetoscope, open. Film was threaded on rollers as a continuous ribbon. Eadward Muybridge/CORBIS Muybridge Sequential Photography
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Cinematographe Cinematographe 1895 First motion picture show
Auguste and Louis Lumière Camera and projector Portable, hand cranked Projected on a large screen First motion picture show Grand Café in Paris December 28, 1895 10 short films “Lunch Hour at the Lumière Factory” Library of Congress Film set in Paris, 1900
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Edison and Others Thomas Arnat’s Vitascope Edison’s premiere
April 23, 1896 George Méliès A Trip to the Moon, 1902 First “special effects” feature Trick photography Edwin S. Porter Worked for Edison The Great Train Robbery, 1903 12 scenes, dissolves, action Library of Congress
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Studio and Spectacle Biograph, Carl Laemmle Studio System
First film studios Florence Lawrence First movie star Studio System Salaried stars and production staff under exclusive contract The Birth of a Nation, 1915 First feature-length film Controversial big-budget spectacular D.W. Griffith Chicago Historical Society D. W. Griffith
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Movies Become Big Business
The move to Hollywood From New York Harry Chandler, LA Times owner, sold the land Block Booking Theaters signing up to show dozens of films as a “package” instead of single movies United Artists, 1919 Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith Independent studio run by the stars themselves Chicago Historical Society Fairbanks, Pickford and Chaplin
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Early Self Regulation Hollywood scandals
Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle case 1921 Desmond Taylor Murder 1922 Catholic Legion of Decency boycott Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA) Self-regulatory Will Hays “Hays Office” 1922 Oversaw movie content Chicago Historical Society Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle
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MPPDA 1930 Production Code May not lower the moral standard of viewers
Proper standards of life Respect for law Murder should not inspire imitation No excessive kissing, embracing No shade of obscenity Modest dancing costumes Film displays seal of approval Chicago Historical Society Will Hays
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Arrival of the “Talkies”
The Vitaphone Preludes, 1926 Seven shorts with sound Warner Bros. and Western Electric The Jazz Singer, 1927 Al Jolson First feature-length “talkie” Synchronized sound recording By 1933, talkies dominate completely Bettmann/CORBIS Paul Robeson, Early African-American Actor
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Rise of the Movie Moguls
1930s Big Five Warner Brothers Metro-Goldwin-Mayer Paramount RKO 20th Century Fox 2/3 of ticket sales Vertically integrated Owned production and distribution Production “stables” stars, directors, writers and staff Library of Congress/Gotscho-Schleisner Collection RKO Theater Stand, 1930
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Disney and Depression Steamboat Willie 1928 The Depression
Walt Disney Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 1937 First full-length animated feature The Depression Bingo nights Dish nights Double features Labor unions Screen Actors Guild 1937 Screen Writer’s Guild Director’s Guild Library of Congress Chicago Movie Theater, ‘40s
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The Golden Age of Movies
MGM reigns supreme Blockbusters The Wizard of Oz Musical Gone with the Wind – 1939 Magnificent use of color Citizen Kane- 1941 Orson Welles We will watch this film later to understand its impact! Reelclassics.com Gone with the Wind
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Congress and the Courts
The House Un-American Activities Committee The Cold War Suspected communists The Hollywood Ten, 1947 Blacklisting U.S v. Paramount Pictures, 1948 Limit block booking to five Stop blind booking Stop requiring short film rentals Stop buying theaters University of Southern California/Fisher Collection The “Hollywood Ten”
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Movies vs. Television 1950s Television boom 4000 theaters closed
Wide-Screen and 3-D Movies Cinemascope and stereophonic sound Changes in Censorship 1952, 1st Amendment protection extended to film Sex and violence added Spectaculars The Sound of Music Blockbuster hunt Pam Roth/sstock.xchnge
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Movie Ratings MPAA - Motion Pictures Association of America Movie Ratings, 1966 Designed to prevent censorship G - All ages PG - Parental guidance suggested (originally called M) PG 13 - Parents strongly cautioned to give guidance to children under 13 (added later) R - Restricted; those under 17 must be accompanied by parent or guardian NC-17 - No one under 17 admitted (originally X) Roque Corona/stock.xchnge
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Movie Business Seven major studios Independent producers
Disney, Viacom/Paramount, Vivendi, Dream Works, 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros., and Sony Pictures About 20 movies a year each Independent producers Distributed by studios Sundance and other festivals Most fragmented industry in mass media
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Who goes to the movies? Illustration 7.1
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Declining male audience
Illustration 7.1
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Making Money Drop in ticket sales Ancillary rights
1946 was the biggest year for movie attendance Ancillary rights Videos and DVDs Network and Pay TV Airline, base, campus rights Soundtrack albums Books, etc. $100 million avg. film cost 2 of 10 make money Getty Images
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How the movies make money
Illustration 7.2
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Making Money in the Movies
Illustration 7.2
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Working in the Movies Screenwriters Producers Actors Production
Independent writers Producers Funding and logistics Actors Production The movie creators Marketing Publicity and advertising Administration Accounting, etc. Film Career Link Vince Bucci/Getty Images
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Technology and the Future
Production Smaller cameras Computer technology Digitalization Distribution Satellite distribution Digital projectors Internet distribution? Exhibition Alternative tech experiences “motion simulation” Holographic concerts Pam Roth/stock.xchnge
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Globalization of Film Global ownership One-third profits from overseas
Columbia Pictures Purchased by Sony Twentieth Century-Fox Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp. Fox News, Fox Network, British Sky Broadcasting Universal Sold to Matsushita of Japan 1990 Resold to Seagram of Canada 1997 Then sold to Vivendi a French company Sold to General Electric/NBC 2003 One-third profits from overseas More consolidation? Kim Kulish/CORBIS The Dreamworks Team
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Hollywood Who’s Who Illustration 7.3
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Building Blocks Frame-individual picture
Shot Basic unit of the film, any continuous piece of unedited film, second average. Scene-a group of interrelated shots taking place in the same location Sequence- a group of interrelated scenes that form a natural unit in the story
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Camera Shot Distance: Long shot (LS) (ELS)-beginning Medium shot (MS)
Close-up (CU) (ECU)-emotion
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