1. COLOMBIAN INDUSTRY

2. Understanding questions 1. Colombia’s industrial sector grew after which world event? 2. What did the construction sector in 1980’s consist of? 3. What was the role of the medium sized factories in 1986? 4. Which products produce the manufactured area in Colombia? Which are derivated from construction? 5. Which products produce the chemical area? 6. What is the percentage of manufactures in Colombia’s main cities? 7. Which are the main economic groups? 8. Which is the main trade organization in Colombia?

3. HISTORY Colombia's industrial sector- -including manufacturing, assembly, and construction- -was mostly developed after World War I using resources accumulated by the coffee and tobacco industries in the 19 th century. Industry grew slowly but steadily up to the 1970s, then declined until the mid-1980s.

4. HISTORY The industrial sector in the late 1980s had a broad structure consisting of large conglomerates engaged in massive projects for the production of oil, food, ceramic products, building materials, beverages, clothing, machines, and tools, as well as smaller cottage industries competitive in the manufacture of wooden furniture, leather goods, and footwear. Although labor productivity and profits tended to be higher in the larger industries, the small and medium-sized factories continued to play an important role in industrial development. In 1986 they accounted for 36 percent of manufacturing production and employed 51 percent of the industrial labor force.

5. Food, beverages, textiles, and chemicals contributed the largest shares of GDP from the manufacturing sector. Total value added by this group constituted 52 percent of manufactured output. After consumable products, chemicals were the most important industrial products in the mid-1980s. In addition to pure chemical products, such as acids and petrochemicals, Colombia produced numerous chemical derivatives, such as fertilizers, insecticides, detergents, and paint, used in other sectors of the economy.

6. The manufacturing sector also supported the relatively small but vital construction industry. Colombia produced metal, cement, wood products, plastic, and steel in increasing amounts in the late 1980s. Construction itself accounted for nearly 4 percent of GDP and 6 percent of the work force. Public sector emphasis on transportation infrastructure and low-income housing encouraged construction in the early 1980s; the Barco administration decided to continue this emphasis in 1987.

7. TRADE ORGANIZATIONS The National Association of Industrialists (Asociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia, or ANDI), the country's most important entrepreneurial organization, represents more than 650 member firms from a variety of sectors, including the manufacturing, financial, agro-industrial, and services sectors. Since its creation in 1944, ANDI has been actively promoting the strengthening and competitiveness of private enterprise, state-owned companies, and public organizations. In addition to taking a leading role among manufacturing organizations in Colombia, ANDI actively lobbies the executive and legislative branches of government. Besides representing its members at regional, national, and international levels, ANDI is also a leader among business organizations in Colombia.National Association of IndustrialistsAsociación Nacional de Empresarios de Colombia

8. MANUFACTURING A key feature of Colombian manufacturing has been the high concentration of location and ownership. Some 30% of output in 2005 was produced in Bogotá, 15 % in Medellín, 11% in Cali, 7% in Cartagena, and 5% in Barranquilla. Thus, these five cities produced 68 percent of the nation's total manufacturing output. BogotáMedellínCaliCartagena Barranquilla ECONOMIC GROUPS Three main Colombian economic groups control a significant share of manufacturing output: the Antioquia Entrepreneurial Group (GEA) focuses on food products, as well as cement, energy, and finance; the Santo Domingo Group (Grupo Santo Domingo), on beer, soft drinks, and other investments; and the Ardila Lülle Organization on soft drinks, sugar, and other related businesses. Manufacturing output in chemicals, motor vehicles, and paper is concentrated in multinational firms. Public-sector manufacturing consists mainly of oil refineries and alcoholic drinks.Antioquia Entrepreneurial GroupSanto Domingo GroupGrupo Santo DomingoArdila Lülle Organization

10. GUIA DE ESTUDIO CAPITULO 5 1.Qué escribía el abuelo en mapas y servilletas? Para qué lo hacía? 2.Cuáles son las ventajas de la posición geográfica de Colombia? 3.Qué tenían que hacer los barcos para ir de un océano a otro en el pasado? Qué tienen que hacer ahora? CAPITULO 6 1.Describa la frontera norte y sur de Colombia (pueblos, comunidades, rios) 2.Describa la frontera oriente y occidente