2. Principles of first aid
Preserve life:
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Prevent deterioration:
Stop bleeding
Treat shock
Treat other injuries
Promote recovery:
Reassure
Relieve pain
Handle with care
Protect from harm

3. Action in an emergency Assess dangers Make safe Give emergency aid
Get help
Clear up
Look after yourself

4. The first person at the scene of an incident should:
Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Make the area safe
Reassure the casualty and bystanders
Use bystanders to help
Prioritise and respond to the immediate needs of the casualty
Send for help

5. As soon as possible: Inform next of kin, if possible
Complete reports to include:
Details of the incident
Location of the incident
Date and time of the incident
Who was involved
What was done
Who was notified

6. Infection control
If possible, wear disposable gloves, improvise with polythene bags or consider whether the casualty can help, eg apply pressure to bleeding.
Remember:
Wash your hands carefully afterwards.
Clean surfaces with bleach diluted 1: with water.
If possible, keep any minor wounds covered with a plaster.
Buy and use a resuscitation face shield.
Dispose of soiled items appropriately.

7. Recovery position

8. Levels of consciousness
A – Alert – will talk but may be drowsy.
V – Responds to Voice – responds to simple commands, eg ‘open your eyes’, or may respond to simple questions.
P – Responds to Pain – will react (eg make a noise) to a pinch on the back of the hand.
U – Unresponsive – there is no response at all.

9. Causes of unconsciousness:
Asphyxia/hypoxia/ near drowning
Fainting
Imbalance of heat
Asthma
Shock
Anaphylaxis
Heart attack/ angina pectoris
Poisoning
Stroke
Seizures
Head injuries
Diabetic emergencies

10. Emergency life support for adults and children
Primary survey
Check for danger.
1 Check for response. Speak loudly and clearly to the casualty. Ask questions like ‘are you all right?’.
If there is no response, shout for help. Do not leave the casualty.

11. Emergency life support for adults and children
2 Open the airway.
3 Check for normal breathing. Look, listen and feel.

12. Emergency life support for adults and children
4 If breathing normally, place in the recovery position.
CALL THE EMERGENCY SERVICES

13. Emergency life support for adults and children
Basic life support
For children
It can be more beneficial to give five initial breaths followed by cycles of 30:2 compressions and breaths. One-handed compressions may be more suitable.
Carry out a primary survey:
Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
CALL THE EMERGENCY SERVICES

14. Emergency life support for adults and children
1 If not breathing normally, start CPR with 30 chest compressions.
2 Open the airway.

15. Emergency life support for adults and children
3 Give two rescue breaths.
Continue with 30 compressions and two rescue breaths until:
Qualified help arrives to take over.
The casualty starts to breathe normally.
You become too exhausted to continue.

16. Chain of survival

17. Shock: causes
Fluid loss – bleeding, burns, severe diarrhoea or vomiting
Cardiac problems – heart attack, electrocution
Anaphylaxis – severe allergic reaction to stings, types of food, environmental features, poisons

18. Shock: signs and symptoms
Pale, cold, clammy skin
Weak, dizzy, light-headed
Nausea or vomiting
Thirsty
Yawning
Anxiety or irrational behaviour
Rapid, weak pulse
Rapid, shallow breathing
Dropping level of consciousness

19. Shock: treatment
Treat the cause and prevent the condition getting worse by:
Correct positioning of the casualty
Reassurance
Keeping the casualty fairly warm
Monitoring breathing if necessary
Do not give anything to eat or drink

20. Bleeding
Direct pressure
Elevate
Dress

21. Slings
Elevation sling

22. Slings
Arm sling

23. Choking

24. Heart attack position

25. Fractures

26. Nose bleeds

27. Duty of care for other people’s children
Whilst first aiders would not normally give medication, youth leaders working with other people’s children have a duty of care equivalent to that of a ‘responsible parent’
They are often required to look after or carry medicines for young children and sometimes need to administer them
Leaders should always seek parental permission before doing so

28. First aid kits A guide to the contents of a kit:
1 pair of disposable non-latex protective gloves
20 individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings
2 sterile eye pads
4 individually wrapped triangular bandages, preferably sterile
6 safety pins
6 medium-sized (approximately 12cm x 12cm) individually wrapped sterile unmedicated wound dressings

29. First aid kits
Guidance leaflet (a leaflet supplied with the kit or that you make yourself which includes brief instructions on emergency treatment)
You may like to include:
Resuscitation shield
Scissors
Extra gloves
Adhesive tape
Steripods
Individually wrapped moist cleaning wipes for the first aider’s hands