1. Technical options for placement of CO 2 in the maritime area  by Paul Freund www.ieagreen.org.uk

2. Placement of CO 2 in marine area  Overview Introduction Where will the CO 2 come from? How will it be brought to site? How could it be stored? Progress Conclusions

3. Introduction  Responding to Climate Change Wide variety of mitigation options Capture and storage of CO 2 is one method of reducing emissions No single technique can solve the problem of climate change Capture and storage of CO 2 has potential to reduce the cost of meeting climate goals Purpose of this talk is to introduce the technology of CO 2 storage

4. Global sources of CO 2  Opportunities for Emission reduction Cost of capture depends on CO 2 concentration  Early opportunities in NH 3 plant, H 2 plant, etc. Emissions, Mt CO 2 /y

5. Capture & Store CO 2  Example: power generation Mainly N 2, H 2 O to atmosphere CO 2 Flue gases Compression Fossil fuel combustion Turbines CO 2 Separation Storage

6. CO 2 capture at AES Warrior Run

7. Capturing CO 2 Other methods are under development:  Pre-combustion decarbonisation  Pre-combustion removal of nitrogen

8. Transporting CO 2 - pipelines Photo: Dakota Gasification  CO 2 pipeline: 3100 km in use today Capacity > 110 Mt/y

9. Transporting CO 2 - ships  CO 2 tanker: Long distance shipping could be done by tanker Construction similar to LPG tanker  Δ cost Similar to long distance pipeline

10. Storage of CO 2  Must be Safe and secure Verifiable Of sufficient capacity to make a difference Capable of isolating the CO 2 for 1000s of years  Natural reservoirs have sufficient  capacity: Geological formations Deep ocean

11. Ocean storage of CO 2  Options Injection onto sea-floor Dispersion at mid-depth Formation of CO 2 -hydrate at depth Mineral neutralization  All just concepts Many outstanding issues  This is NOT the subject of today’s meeting

12. Geological Storage of CO 2  Storage options Deep saline aquifers Depleted oil fields Natural gas fields Unminable coal measures

13. Geological Storage Capacity  Global Storage Potential 40 Gt CO 2 <2% of Emissions to 2050 ~ 3000 Gt CO 2 ~ 150% of Emissions to 2050 920 Gt CO 2 45% of Emissions to 2050 Comparative potentials at storage costs of up to $20/t CO 2

14. Geological Storage of CO 2  Component parts: Site selection  Formation depth, capacity, rock properties, location  Cap-rock, faults and other penetrations  Environmental impact and Risk assessments Drilling injection wells Pressurisation and Injection of CO 2 Remediation in case of leaks Monitoring  During injection  Once CO 2 is in the reservoir

15. CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery CO 2 Injection Production Well CO 2 Oil Recycled CO 2

16. CO 2 Re-injection – Natural Gas If natural gas contains too much CO 2, it must be removed before the gas is sent to market  Current application of CO 2 Capture Established practice is to vent CO 2 after capture Better environmental practice = store CO 2 Examples:  Sleipner  K-12B  In Salah  Snøhvit  Gorgon

17. Sleipner project Courtesy of Statoil

18. Sleipner CO 2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil Sleipner T Utsira Formation Production and Injection Wells CO 2 CO 2 Injection Well Sleipner A Gas from Sleipner Vest

19. Gorgon Gas Field Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

20. Gorgon LNG plant with CO 2 capture Courtesy of ChevronTexaco

21. Snøhvit CO 2 Injection Courtesy of Statoil

22. Snøhvit - Pipelines Courtesy of Statoil Depth: 330 m Distance 160 km

23. Monitoring CO 2 injection & storage  Reason for monitoring include:  Establish baseline conditions  Ensure effective injection controls  Locate the CO 2 plume  Assess integrity of wells  Confirm storage efficiency and calibrate models  Detect and quantify seepage / assess impacts  For accounting purposes  In relation to legal disputes  Reassure the public about storage of CO 2

24. Monitoring of CO 2 Possible monitoring techniques:  Pressure - Wellhead and/or Formation  Injection Rate  Well Logs, Fluid and Gas Composition  Seismic Monitoring  Electrical and Electromagnetic Monitoring  Gravity Monitoring  Tilt Measurements  Airborne or Satellite Imaging  CO 2 Flux Monitoring  Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration  Micro Seismicity

25. History match courtesy of Sintef Petroleum Seismic Analysis

26. Conclusions  Geological storage of Captured CO 2 Offers significant capacity for avoiding CO 2 emissions Would make a difference to climate change Makes use of established technologies for injection and monitoring Several examples now in operation/planned These will serve as demonstrations which will influence attitudes.