1. Unit 6

2. Presidential Election The Framers created the Electoral College to elect the President, VP Group of people chosen from each State and District of Columbia Electors per state –number of House of Reps members plus 2 Senators (538 total)

3. Flaws of Electoral College 1) Winner-take-all system – pop. vote winner can lose election (p. 225) 2) electors don’t have to vote in line with popular vote, party’s candidate 3) Third Party Candidates – prevent someone from getting to 270 4) an election can be decided by House Voting is by states, not individual members

4. Cabinet Cabinet – advisers around head of state Most members selected before Pres takes office 15 executive departments

5. Selection of Cabinet Background fitting of dept Geographic balance Satisfy interest groups High level admin skills College grads with advanced degrees Salary - $199,700/yr

6. Cabinet Continued Nomination and Confirmation Role and Influence List Meet with potential candidates Leak of finalists Nomination Senate confirmation Appointment Head of executive dept Meet with Pres and advise him Inner Cabinet – Sec of State, Defense, Treasury, Attorney General

7. EOP Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Largest office; prepares budget for Pres to present to Congress White House Office Press Secretary – liaison b/w media and Pres

8. Informal Sources of Power Personal Exercise of Power Immediate Needs of the Nation Pres. Exercise more power in times of crisis Mandate of the People Mandate – strong popular support for actions Pres. Uses media to gain popular support for their policies Media provides forum or space for discussion

9. Limits on Presidential Power Limitation by Congress Congressional Override of veto Confirmation power of Senate Power of the purse Impeachment Limitation by Fed. Courts Fed. Court can rule legislation unconstitutional Limitation by Bureaucracy Bureaucrats misinterpret instructions, neglect tasks Limitation by Public Opinion Fail to re-elect pres. who disregards public opinion

10. Role: Head of State Represents nation, symbol of US Performs ceremonial roles

11. Role: Chief Executive Tools of Influence Executive Orders – rules that have the force of law Presidential appointments and remove officials Impoundment – Pres. Refuses to spend $ congress has appropriated Reprieves and Pardons Reprieve – postpone legal punishment Pardon – release from legal punishment Amnesty Group pardon to people for offense against govt.

12. Role: Chief Legislator Propose legislation to congress Describes program in state of the union address

13. Role: Economic Planner Created Council of Economic Advisors – studies economy to help prepare the report Fed. Govt.  Responsibility to promote high employment rate, production, purchasing power Prepares fed. Budget each year

14. Role: Chief Diplomat Struggle between congress and pres. Power to make treaties Power to make executive agreements Pacts between the Pres and heads of other nations Recognition of Foreign Govts. Determines whether US will recognize legal existence of other govt.

15. Roles: Party Leader Lead within political party Help members of their party get elected Patronage – appointment to political office that rewards those who support the pres. During election

16. Role: Commander in Chief Power to make war Shares with congress Military operations and strategy Makes key military decisions

17. Leadership Characteristics Ability to compromise Willing to give up something to get something in return Political Courage Willing to go against public opinion to take actions vital to the nation

18. Use of Executive Privilege Executive Privilege – right of the pres. And other high-ranking executive officers (with pres. Consent) to refuse to provide info to congress or a court Rests on idea of separation of powers Limits of Executive Privilege Pres. Claim to protect their communication with members of the executive branch United States v. Nixon Ruled that pres. Had to surrender tapes to special prosecutor investigating the scandal  rejected Nixon’s claim to executive privilege Court still states Pres. Must be able to discuss policies with executive officers privately

19. Chapter 10 The Federal Bureaucracy

20. Bureaucratic Organization Departments of the Cabinet 15 Departments Headed by a secretary  deputy or under secretary  assistant secretaries  directors of major units  assistants All appointed by the president Departments of the Cabinet 15 Departments Headed by a secretary  deputy or under secretary  assistant secretaries  directors of major units  assistants All appointed by the president

21. Departments of the Cabinet Department of State Responsible for foreign policy Protects U.S. citizens in other countries Staffs embassies Analyzes data about American interests in other countries Represents U.S. in the United Nations Secretary – John Kerry Responsible for foreign policy Protects U.S. citizens in other countries Staffs embassies Analyzes data about American interests in other countries Represents U.S. in the United Nations Secretary – John Kerry Treasury Manages monetary resources Manufactures money Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Borrows money Secretary – Jack Lew Manages monetary resources Manufactures money Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Borrows money Secretary – Jack Lew

22. Departments of the Cabinet Interior Protects public lands and natural resources Oversees mining National Parks Service Secretary- Sally Jewell Protects public lands and natural resources Oversees mining National Parks Service Secretary- Sally Jewell Agriculture Helps farmers improve income and expand markets Conservation Financing for farmers Safety of food Secretary- Thomas Vilsack Helps farmers improve income and expand markets Conservation Financing for farmers Safety of food Secretary- Thomas Vilsack

23. Departments of the Cabinet Justice FBI DEA U.S. Marshalls Enforce antitrust laws Civil rights legislation Attorney General- Eric Holder FBI DEA U.S. Marshalls Enforce antitrust laws Civil rights legislation Attorney General- Eric Holder Commerce Promotes and protects industry and commerce Census Patents and trademarks Weights and measures Secretary Penny Pritzker Promotes and protects industry and commerce Census Patents and trademarks Weights and measures Secretary Penny Pritzker

24. Departments of the Cabinet Labor Safe working conditions Minimum wage Protects pensions Research unemployment, wages Compensation Secretary Thomas E. Perez Safe working conditions Minimum wage Protects pensions Research unemployment, wages Compensation Secretary Thomas E. Perez Defense Oversees armed forces Navy Army Marines Air Force Secretary- Chuck Hagel bert Oversees armed forces Navy Army Marines Air Force Secretary- Chuck Hagel bert

25. Departments of the Cabinet Health and Human Services Medicare and Medicaid Social Security Public Health Services Food and Drug Administration Secretary- Kathleen Sebelius Medicare and Medicaid Social Security Public Health Services Food and Drug Administration Secretary- Kathleen Sebelius Housing and Urban Development Preserve communities Equal housing opportunities Helps make mortgage money available Secretary- Shaun L.S. Donovan Preserve communities Equal housing opportunities Helps make mortgage money available Secretary- Shaun L.S. Donovan

26. Departments of the Cabinet Transportation All aspects of transportation Federal Aviation Administration Federal Railway Administration Federal Highway Administration Secretary- Anthony Foxx All aspects of transportation Federal Aviation Administration Federal Railway Administration Federal Highway Administration Secretary- Anthony Foxx Energy Researches and plans energy policy and new energy technology Secretary- Ernest Moniz Researches and plans energy policy and new energy technology Secretary- Ernest Moniz Education Federal assistance programs for schools Limited English Special needs Secretary- Arne Duncan Federal assistance programs for schools Limited English Special needs Secretary- Arne Duncan

27. Departments of the Cabinet Veteran Affairs Benefits for veterans Secretary- Eric Shinseki Benefits for veterans Secretary- Eric Shinseki Homeland Security Controls Coast Guard Border Patrol Immigration and Naturalization Customs FEMA Analyzes info from FBI and CIA Secretary- Jeh Johnson Controls Coast Guard Border Patrol Immigration and Naturalization Customs FEMA Analyzes info from FBI and CIA Secretary- Jeh Johnson Homeland Security