1. Fear of excessive power concentrated in single institution Fear of mob rule/Majority Rule Concern of representation in Congress Belief Congress would be strongest

2. More moderating Prevent “mob rule” Voice for small states Closer to the people!

3. 105 th Congress: 1997-1999 106 th Congress: 1999-2001 107 th Congress:2001-2003 Lame duck period?

4. 435 members 25 years old/ 7 years residency of the state 2 year terms Single districts (closer to the people) Gerrymandering  Census  redistircting More formal/structured (House Rules Committee) Revenue bills (tax)

5. 100 members Originally chosen by state legislatures 6 year term 1/3 of Senate up for re-election every two years  Why stagger 1/3 at a time? 30 years old/ 9 years residency More informal Filibuster Confirmations Ratify treaties More removed

6. Staffers Interest groups President Media

8. Made committee assignments Appointed committee chairmen Chaired Rules Committee Refused stalling tactics

9. Stripped of right to make committee assignments Stripped of right to appoint committee chairmen Stripped of right of position of Rules Chairman Set agenda Content, ones to report out Seniority rule developed

10. Power of subcommittee chairmen increased while committee chairmen decreased

12. Late 1820’s—after Civil War Party unity shattered in the House: (South vs North) Senate escaped disunity during same period (Senators from slave-owning states exactly equaled the number from free states) More Democratic

13. Senate

14. White Men Protestant Upper-middle class (lawyers) More women and minorities lately 109 th Congress: 42 B, 24 H, 68 W (House) Senate: 1B, 2 H, 14 W

17. Impact?

18. Democratic Study GroupCongressional Black Caucus Women’s CaucusWednesday Group Boll Weevils (CDF) NE/Mid-West Congressional Coalition

20. 1.Handle legislation 2.Conduct investigations of executive branch on as needed basis 3.Conduct oversight of executive branch agencies on an on-going basis

21. Selection of Committee Members

22. Steering Committee Committee on Committees

23. Set agenda Hire staff Membership on subcommittees

25. Most powerful Floor debate rules Closed v. Open

27. Members from single house Temporary Study an issue Conduct an investigation Similar to Select Committee

28. Less than 10% actually pass Most originate in the executive branch Either house, except for revenue bills Two step legislative process: Authorization  Appropriation

29. Need “correct” committee Pass: Bill is reported out to full house for consideration Kill Amend (markup session) Pigeonhole: Postpone indefinitely: most frequent fate of bills

30. Committee of the Whole (House only) Open or closed rules (For introduction of bill  Saves time)

31. Cloture Double tracking Christmas Tree Bills Non-germane amendments

36. Census  Population shift  reapportion  state redistricting

37. “Majority-minority” districts

38. State districts Applied to national “House” districts