1. Dynamic Environmental Capabilities Report on work in progress Rachel Hilliard, CISC Don Goldstein, Allegheny College (USA) Valerie Parker, CISC Funded by the Environmental Protection Agency

2. Research question What distinguishes companies able to ‘green’ production competitively? Working hypothesis: strong dynamic organisational capabilities

3. Regulation and the Porterian Firm REGULATION  INNOVATION BY FIRMS ‘Firms have numerous avenues for technological improvement and limited attention’ Role for regulation to direct firms to potentially profitable area of innovation

4. Evolutionary Economics: Regulation and the Firm REGULATION  ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES OF KNOWLEDGE/LEARNING ORGANISATIONAL CAPABILITIES  INNOVATION BY FIRMS Tests: economic AND environmental performance Capabilities evolve in relation to competitive surroundings & survival tests

5. Requirements of IPC Licensing Compliance with EU emissions standards for air and water pollution - BATNEEC Rolling programme of environmental projects demonstrating development of cleaner technology solutions over end-of-pipe Environmental Management System including development of measures/targets

6. Research plan Link IPC data with financial data Add survey data on organisational practices Model determinants of environmental & economic performance

7. Getting there: simultaneous thinking about… Research questionModelData

8. Creating data: Information generated by IPC licensing IPC Application Products/processes Technologies Key emissions Environmental management Correspondence EPA audits Reports of non compliances Company response 3 rd party complaints Annual Environmental Reports Emissions of pollution Environmental technology projects Environmental management

9. Creating data: Financial information from Companies Registration Office Economic performance –Operating profitability Output proxy –Deflated sales

10. Creating data: IPC info  empirical proxies Environmental performance –(Normalised) emissions –Pollution noncompliances Direct determinants –Technology practices –Organisational practices Complementary organisational capabilities –Static: repetitive response –Dynamic: search, assessment-for-change

11. Creating data: Defining & measuring capabilities Organisational practice –Activity: subject to choice in each period –May directly affect performance that period Organisational capability –Capacity to mobilise practices & resources in coordination –Affect performance over time –Affected by periodic practices through fitness screen Model as organisational capital investment: –Annual ‘practice’ measure –Cumulative ‘capability’ measure, incremented annually

12. Creating a model: Two stage (+1) process Environmental performance –Function of tech & organisational practices –Find environmental best practices (EBPs) Economic performance –Function of EBPs –Control company, sector, economy influences Given complementary capabilities Evolution of organisational capabilities –Degree, sources of time variation? –Differ across static, dynamic capabilities?

13. Creating a model: Capabilities as complementary assets E.g., stage 2: Economic performance = f(EBPs) Panel regression: for company i and year t, Profitability it = f (tech-EBP it, org-EBP it, capabilities it, interactions it ; company controls it, other controls t ), where for both tech and org, interactions it = EBP it x capabilities it

14. Creating a model: Heterogeneity problem ‘Fixed’ (constant), unmeasured company differences affect both performance and independent variables Remove effect of different levels, look at changes in independent variables (& effect on performance) –First differences –Fixed effects (similar to company dummies) Both: fixed variables drop out (interactions remain) Effect on model results??

15. What do we hope to be able to say about… What distinguishes companies able to ‘green’ production competitively? Under what circumstances does it pay to be green?

16. Using the data Research question Model Right info extracted? Appropriate variables & taxonomies created? Good proxies for… Environmental performance ? Practices ? Capabilities

17. Using the model Research questionData Exploiting the data? Getting at the issues? E.g., can we model kinds of capabilities? Static, dynamic? Fixed, time-varying? Managerial, technological, relational?

18. What we hope to contribute: Empirically distinguish capabilities from –practices (redundant) –performance (tautological) Explore evolution of (kinds of) capabilities –Over what time frame ‘fixed’? –To what extent ‘fungible’? Suggest policy perspective on competitive greening –What’s critical? –What’s replicable?