2. issues it’s important to understand  there is clear evidence that early experience affects adult wellbeing  we’re often unaware of how this is relevant for us personally  the pbi is a useful quantitative assessment tool  it’s helpful to ask how this might be important for us and what we want to do about it?

3. early experience affects us as adults Rodgers B Reported parental behaviour and adult affective symptoms 1. Associations and moderating factors & 2. Mediating factors Psychol Med 1996;26:51-61 & 63-77 childhood “affectionless control” adult psychological suffering toxic to inter- personal competence

4. parental bond assessment  Parker G, Tupling H & Brown LB A parental bonding instrument Br J Med Psychol 1979;52:1-10  Parker G Parental reports of depressives: an investigation of several explanations J Affect Dis 1981:3:131-40  Parker G Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:956-60  Parker G & Hadzi-Pavlovic D Modification of levels of depression in mother-bereaved women by parental and marital relationships Psychol Med 1984;14:125-35  Plantes MM Parental representations of depressed out- patients from a USA sample J Affect Dis 1988;15:149-55  Kerver MJ et al Predicting symptoms of depression from reports of early parenting Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:267-72  Rodgers B Reported parental behaviour and adult affective symptoms 1. Associations and moderating factors Psychol Med 1996:26:51-61

5. low care/high control toxicity the increased risk of those in the affectionless control quadrant developing various psychiatric disorders: bipolar depression neurotic depression anxiety neurosis social phobia agora- phobia schizo- phrenia Parker G Parental over- protection: a risk factor in psychosocial development New York, NY: Grune and Stratton, 1983 increased depressive risk after major life event 4.0-6.5

6. most pbi research on depression Survey of 8,098 US adults: Blazer DG et al. The prevalence & distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey Am J Psychiat 1994;151:979-86 17.1% estimated suffer from major depression at some stage in their lives women:21.3%,men:12.7% 4.9% current (30 day) prevalence probably 2 to 3 times this number suffer from sub- syndromal depression