1. Sediment Transport Outline
Incipient motion criteria for unisize and mixed-size sediments
Modes of sediment transport
Bedload transport
Suspended load
Bedforms

2. Incipient Motion

3. Forces Acting on Stationary Grain
(Middleton and Southard, 1984)

4. Threshold of Motion (Shields,1936; Julien, 1998)
(Middleton and Southard, 1984)

5. Smooth
Transitional
Rough
Motion
No Motion
(Miller et al., 1977)

6. Sample Calculation
What is c for D = mm quartz-density particle?

7. Entrainment of mixed-size sediment
Due to:
Relative Protrusion
Pivoting angle

8. Relative Protrusion

9. Pivoting Angle

10. Threshold of Motion for a Stationary Grain (Unisize or Graded Sediment)
Wiberg and Smith (1987), Bridge and Bennett (1992), + many others

11. Entrainment of mixed-size sediment

12. Sample Calculation
What is c for and m quartz-density particles in a mixture with D50 = m?
Using Shields for unisize sediment
0.7 Pa
7.3 Pa

13. Sediment Transport

14. Modes of sediment transport
(Leeder, 1999)

15. Criteria for Sediment Transport Modes
Bedload:
Suspended bed material:
Washload: D  mm

16. Modes of sediment transport
Washload:
D  mm
(Bridge, 2003)

17. Bedload Transport Equations
Meyer-Peter and Muller (1948)
Bagnold (1966)

18. Measuring bedload transport
Bedload traps (K. Bunte)
Helley-Smith sampler

19. Bedload Transport ObservationsHS
trap
Gravel-bed streams (Bunte et al., 2004)
Gravel-bed stream (Cudden & Hoey, 2003) HS

20. Bedload Transport Equations
Wilcock & Crowe (2003)
Reference threshold condition
Hiding function
Reference dimensionless shear stress for median size base don fraction of sand
Transport rate based on t/tri

21. Bedload Transport Equations
Barry et al. (2004)
Meyer-Peter and Muller (1948)
Abrahams and Gao (2006;
following Bagnold, 1966, 1973)
Bagnold (1966)

22. Predicting bedload transport
Abrahams and Gao (2006)
following Bagnold (1966, 1973)
Barry et al. (2004)

23. Predicting bedload transport
(a) Meyer-Peter and Müller [1948] equation by d50ss
(b) Meyer-Peter and Müller equation by di
(d) Bagnold equation by dmss
(c) Ackers and White [1973] equation by di
(e) Bagnold equation by dmqb
(e) Bagnold equation by dmqb
(g) Parker et al. [1982] equation by di (Parker et al. hiding function)
(h) Parker et al. [1982] equation by di (Andrews [1983] hiding function)
Predicting bedload transport
(Barry et al., 2004)

24. Suspended Sediment
Simple criterion for suspension:
(van Rijn, 1993)

25. Measuring suspended load transport
DH59 – Hand line Sampler
DH48 – Wading Sampler
D74 – Hand line Sampler
Others: Super-critical flumes, ISCO, OBS, Acoustics

26. Suspended Sediment Sediment-diffusion balance (equilibrium):
downward settling + upward diffusion Total suspended load
Rouse equation:

27. Suspended sediment profiles and Rouse equationZ
(van Rijn, 1993)

29. Ripples
Dunes
Bedload sheet
Upper-stage plane beds

30. Bedform Stability

31. Suspended Load Observations
Mobile orbital ripples with acoustic probes, P. Thorne
Mobile river dunes with acoustic probe, Wren et al. (2007)
Stochastic simulation,
Man (2007)

32. Sediment Transport and Stream Restoration
Deficient or excessive sediment transport based on design discharge will result in erosion or deposition, which can redirect flow and threaten infrastructure and ecologic indices
Sediment transport prediction depends on grain size, gradation, and bed topography
Uncertainty can be large
Excludes bank erosion and wash load
Use multiple relationships

33. Sediment Transport Conclusions
Threshold conditions defined by Shields criterion
Modes of sediment transport depend on Shields criterion and grain size
Bedload and suspended load transport treated separately
Load is modulated by bedforms