3. An Introduction to Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC) Steve Harrison Monday 15 th July 2013 12 – 1pm Room 6 R Floor RHH

4. Topics Variation – A Quick Recap An introduction to SPC Charts Interpretation Quiz Application in Improvement work

5. Variation

6. Common Cause Variation Typically due to a large number of small sources of variation Example: Variation in work commute due to traffic lights, pedestrian traffic, parking issues Usually requires a deep understanding of the process to minimise the variation 5

7. Special Cause Variation Are not part of the normal process. Arises from special circumstances Example: Variation in work commute impacted by flat tire, road closure, ice-storm. Usually best uncovered when monitoring data in real time (or close to that) 6

8. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Consecutive trips Min. Special Cause - My trip to work Mean Upper process limit Lower process limit

9. Two Types of Variation Special Cause: assignable cause signal Common Cause: chance cause noise Statistically significant (not good or bad) 8

10. SPC Charts 9

11. SPC, Statistical Process Control or The Control Chart Elements 1. Chart/graph showing data, running record, time order sequence 2. A line showing the mean 3. 2 lines showing the upper and lower process ‘control’ limits You only need 25 data points to set up a control chart, but 50 are better if available

12. The Anatomy of an SPC or Control Chart Upper process control limit Mean Lower process control limit

13. Measures of Central Tendency Mean = Average – SPC Chart Median = Central or Middle Value – Run Chart Mode = Most frequently occurring value 12

14. Standard Deviation or σ In statistics, standard deviation shows how much variation exists from the mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean; high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values.

15. Standard Deviation and a normal distribution

16. PRACTICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION MeanMean + 3sMean - 3s 99.6% will be within 3 s 0.4% will be outside 6s in a normal distribution

17. 3s AND THE CONTROL CHART 6s 3s UCL LCL Mean

18. Run Charts vs. SPC Charts Run Chart Simple Easy to create in Excel Less Sensitive Only need 10 data points SPC More Powerful Control lines show the degree of variation Need Special Software Need 25+ data points 17

19. Special cause variation ND

20. Point above Upper Control Limit (UCL) SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 1 MEAN LCL UCL

21. Or point below Lower Control Limit (LCL) SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 1 MEAN LCL UCL

22. MEAN Eight points above centre line SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 2 LCL UCL A 1 in 256 chance or 0.3906%

23. MEAN SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 2 LCL UCL Or eight points below centre line A 1 in 256 chance or 0.3906%

24. MEAN Six points in a downward direction SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 3 LCL UCL

25. MEAN SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 3 LCL Or six points in an upward direction UCL

26. Considerably less than 2/3 of all the points fall in this zone LCL UCL SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 4 MEAN

27. SPECIAL CAUSES - RULE 4 Or considerably more than 2/3 of all the points fall in this zone MEAN UCL LCL

28. Quiz – 1. Does the chart show A. Special Cause Variation? B. Common Cause Variation? C. Both of the above D. No Variation

29. 2. How many special cause signals are present on this chart? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 16

30. 3. How many special cause signals are present on this chart? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 16

31. 4. How many special cause signals are present on this chart? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 16

32. What use is this? Evaluate and improve underlying process Is the process stable? Use data to make predictions and help planning Recognise variation Prove/disprove assumptions and (mis)conceptions Help drive improvement – identify statistically significant change

33. Example

34. Annotated SPC Charts One of the most powerful tools for improvement Describe a process captured over time (as opposed to being a single sample) Reveal any trends a process might be experiencing When combined with careful annotation they track the impact of change

35. Why We Want to Annotate Our Charts…

36. Example – Renal DT247J PDSA 1 PDSA 2

37. Application – Responding to Variation 36

38. Responding to Special Cause Variation Identify the cause: If positive then can it be replicated or standardised. If negative then cause needs to be eliminated 37

39. Responding to Common Cause Variation 1. Reduce variation: make the process even more predictable or reliable (and/or) 2. Not satisfied with result: redesign process to get a better result 38

40. Process with common cause variation Reduce variation: make the process even more reliable Not satisfied with result: redesign process to get a better result Process with special cause variation Identify the cause: if positive then can it be replicated or standardized. If negative then cause needs to be eliminated 39

41. DISCUSSION

42. Evaluation 1. Absolute Rubbish 2. Terrible 3. Fairly Bad 4. Not that Great 5. Alright 6. Quite Good 7. Really Quite Good 8. Very Good 9. Excellent 10. Amazing! 41

43. THANKS!

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