1. 1 Incorporating Statistical Process Control and Statistical Quality Control Techniques into a Quality Assurance Program Robyn Sirkis U.S. Census Bureau

2. Purpose  Incorporate SPC and SQC methods into quality assurance program  Monitor and improve interviewer performance to ensure the collection of high quality data in real time  Examine different types of quality indicators 2

3. Outline  Background  Cluster Analysis  Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Statistical Quality Control (SQC) Methodology  SPC and SQC Examples  Next Steps  Conclusion 3

4. Data for Analysis  National Health Interview Survey 2008 to 2010 data  Quality indicators: include item don’t know and refusals responses -Item nonresponse rates for the current asthma estimate, family income question, and pneumonia shot question  Quality indicators: exclude don’t know, refusals and missing responses -Current asthma estimate: proportion of “no” responses -Family income question: average and standard deviation -Pneumonia shot question: proportion of “yes” responses 4

5. Cluster Analysis  Compare interviewers working in similar census tracts with similar workloads  Choose clustering variables (variable reduction) Census 2000 Planning Database Nine variables chosen  Create clusters within Regional Office (RO) Group census tracts into clusters 4 to 8 clusters within each RO 5

6. SPC and SQC Terminology  Statistical Process Control (SPC) Graphical tool to measure and analyze variation in a process over time Control charts: use control limits and time component Multivariate charts: reduces amount of charts for correlated measures  Statistical Quality Control (SQC) Broad array of statistical tools to measure and improve operational procedures Analysis of Means (ANOM) charts: use decision limits ANOM charts: interviewer is an example of a rational subgroup 6

7. SPC and SQC Methodology  Construct cluster-level control chart including historical months data Historical months: January 2008 to November 2010  Construct the trial control limits by removing observations outside the limits  Construct final cluster-level control chart including historical and current months data Current month: December 2010 7

8. SPC and SQC Methodology Continued  Construct Analysis of Means (ANOM) charts for the current month (December 2010)  Construct interviewer-level control charts if overall average or proportion outside decision limits in ANOM chart 8

9. Family Income Example  Average and standard deviation of family income  Family income item nonresponse rate  SPC and SQC techniques used to improve interviewer performance in real time Current month: December 2010 9

10. Analysis of Means Chart December 2010 (RO = 1, Cluster = 4) 10

11. Process Not in Control (RO = 1, Cluster = 4, Interviewer = 3) 11 UCL LCL 1 1 S UCL LCL M a r 2 0 0 8 A p r 2 0 0 8 S e p 2 0 0 8 D e c 2 0 0 8 M a r 2 0 0 9 A p r 2 0 0 9 S e p 2 0 0 9 D e c 2 0 0 9 M a r 2 0 1 0 A p r 2 0 1 0 J u n 2 0 1 0 S e p 2 0 1 0 D e c 2 0 1 0 Average Standard Deviation Month 3 Limits: Subgroup Sizes:Min n = 2Max n = 10

12. Current Asthma Estimate Example  Current asthma estimate uses responses from three questions  Proportion of “no” responses for current asthma estimate  Current asthma estimate item nonresponse rate 12

13. Analysis of Means Chart December 2010 (RO = 2, Cluster = 3) 13 =.88 UDL LDL 1234567891011121314 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Rate Interviewer =.1 Limits: Group Sizes:Min n = 2Max n = 13

14. Process Not in Control (RO = 2, Cluster = 3, Interviewer = 13) 14

15. Summary of Charts  Current Asthma Estimate -Process not in control in interviewer-level control chart  Family Income -Average and standard deviation exceed the control limits in interviewer-level control chart  Interviewers did not have item nonresponse rates significantly different from RO and cluster for December 2010 15

16. Implementation of SPC and SQC Techniques  Choose quality indicators Multivariate charts minimize the number of charts to monitor by combining correlated measures  Select interviewers to follow-up Most quality indicators where process is not in control Highest difference between control limits and quality indicator for current month 16

17. Next Steps  Incorporate SPC and SQC techniques into current quality assurance program  Current quality assurance program: conduct second interview to determine if interviewers conducting interview in accordance with established procedures  Current sampling method: random and supplemental Stratified random sampling Supplemental sampling: additional cases and interviewers identified by Headquarters and the Regional Office 17

18. Next Steps Continued  Add targeted sampling method Target interview cases which bear hallmarks of suspected falsification  Choose quality indicators to select cases for targeted sampling method Use statistical models to choose indicators which predict potential data quality issues Includes using digit frequency and length of field techniques Includes indicators from PANDA system such as interview times and contact attempts 18

19. Next Steps Continued  Choose methods for targeted sampling method SPC and SQC techniques Statistical tests such as chi-square test to compare distributions Unlikely response pattern analysis  Use weighting equations to leverage best available methods and measures to optimize detection of potential data quality issues  Select additional interviewers just using SPC and SQC techniques and then other interviewers using different methods 19

20. Conclusion  Crucial to monitor both item nonresponse rates and other quality indicators  Develop method to identify interviewers whose work should be investigated given the available amount of resources for follow-up purposes 20

21. 21 Contact Information robyn.b.sirkis@census.gov