1. INTRODUCTION OF GENERAL ARTHROLOGY By: Dr. RAKESH KUMAR DIWAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY KGMU UP LUCKNOW

2. DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS, AND ARTICULATIONS. SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY. A)FIBROUS JOINTS B)CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS C)SYNOVIAL JOINTS FIBROUS JOINTS- -BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE -no joint cavity a)Sutures b)Syndesmoses c)Gomphoses

4. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- -THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE -THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY a)Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones) b)Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

5. SYNOVIAL JOINTS- -MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID) -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES) -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED) -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS -BURSAE -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY

6. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE BASIS FUNCTION SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures) AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs) DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL) SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

7. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLANE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

8. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER.ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT. 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

9. Synarthrotic Joints No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones –Suture Dense Fibrous CT –Gomphosis Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments –Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage Epiphyseal Line (plate) –Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)

11. Types of Sutures

13. synchodroses

14. SYMPYHSIS

15. Synovial Joint pg 215

16. SYNOVIAL JOINT

17. 3. Pivot Joint Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of bone 2 Also found in proximal end of radius  pronation and supination rotation

18. BALL AND SOCKET

20. Knee Joint Much more complex than elbow Much less stable than other hinge joints Some gliding and rotation structurally 3 separate joints No single joint capsule

21. Joint Shapes Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex –side-to-side, back-forth movement –(eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb – Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket –multiaxial movement –(eg) shoulder, femur

22. Bursae & Tendon Sheaths Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons 3 Factors in Joint Stability: –Muscle Tone –Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface pg 219

23. Joint Shapes Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other –angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal Plane: articular surface in flat plane –Short gliding movement –(eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

24. Joint Shapes Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity –side-to-side, back+forth movement –(eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament –rotation on long axis –(eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

25. Representative Articulations Temporomandibular Joint Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation Articular disc

26. Special Movements

27. BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

29. ELBOW JOINT

30. MUTIAXIAL JOINTS

31. MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT) BALL AND SOCKET

32. MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

33. FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

34. FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

35. ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/ CIRCUMDUCTION

36. INVERSION/EVERSION

37. Tendon Sheaths and Bursae Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon

38. BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

39. QUESTIONS Q-1) Rotatory movements of joints take place on: a)Transverse axis b)Vertical axis c)Anteroposterior axis d)All of the above

40. QUESTIONS Q-2) Most important factor for stability of joint is: a)Fibrous Capsule b)Ligaments c)Atmospheric Pressure d)Surrounding muscle

41. QUESTIONS Q-3) All of the following are examples of saddle joint except: a)Sterno-clavicular joint b)Wrist joint c)Calcaneo-cuboid joint d)Incudo-malleolar joint

42. QUESTIONS Q-4) All of the following are characteristic features of a synovial (diarthrodial) joint except: a)Articular surface are covered by a articular cartilage b)Have joint cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication c)Mostly are freely movable joints d)Articular cartilage are covered by synovial membrane

43. QUESTIONS Q-5) Articular cartilage of all of the following joints are made up of thin plate of fibrocartilage except: 1-Temporomandibular joint 2-1 st Carpometacarpal joints 3-Sternoclavicular joint 4-Acramio- clavicular joint

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