1. Joint
the movable or fixed place or part where two bones of a skeleton join.

2. The Joints
Fibrous
Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. The union of the spinous processes and vertebrae are fibrous joints.

3. The Joints Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs.

4. The Joints
Synovial
Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain* the synovial fluid.

5. III. Types of movement Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction
Circumduction

6. Flexion
a bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

7. Extension
an unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

8. Rotation
turning around as on an axis

9. Abduction
To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb

10. Adduction
moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

11. Abduct – take away Adduct – Add it to your body

12. Circumduction
movement of a limb or extremity so that the distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

13. Movement Around Axes
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

14. Nonaxial
Bone movement that is not around on an axis
plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints

15. Uniaxial
the movements (flexion/extension) are all in one plane and around one axis, the joints are uniaxial

16. Biaxial
Since bones can move in both planes: side to side and back and forth movements the joints are biaxial

17. Multiaxial
The movements are allowed in all axes and planes: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction and rotation. These joints are multiaxial.

18. Muscles, Bones, and Movement
Putting the “Operation” in cooperation

19. . Plane (= gliding)
Opposite bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved.
Only sliding motion in all directions are allowed. Since there is no bone movement around an axis, the joints are nonaxial.
2. Hinge
Convex surface of one bone fits smoothly into concave surface of the second bone
The movements allowed are similar to those allowed by a mecanical door hinge. Since the movements (flexion/extension) are all in one plane and around one axis, the joints are uniaxial.
3. Pivot
A rounded, pinted or conical surface of one bone is inserted into a ring made partly of another bone and partly of a ligament.
Since the only movement allowed is the rotation of one bone around its own axis, the Joints are uniaxial.
4. Ellipsoidal (= condyloid)
Oval-shaped surface fits into an oval-shaped cavity (ellipse means oval).
The movements allowed are flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and circumduction but NO ROTATION. Since bones can move in both planes: side to side and back and forth movements the joints are biaxial.
5. Saddle
First bone's articular surface is concave in one direction and convex in the other while the second bone is just the opposite (or if you prefer, one bone is shaped like a saddle, and the other is shaped like its rider).
The saddle joint is similar to the Ellipsoidal Joint but the movements are freer. The movements allowed are flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and circumduction but NO ROTATION. Since bones can move in both planes: side to side and back and forth movements the joints are biaxial.
6. Ball and socket
Ball-shaped head fits into a cup-shaped depression
These joints are the most freely moving of all synovial joints. The movements are allowed in all axes and planes: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction and rotation. These joints are multiaxial.

20. Benefits of Synovial Fluid
Reduces Friction

21. Benefits of Synovial Fluid
reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues in joints to lubricate and cushion them during movement.
This fluid forms a thin layer (approximately 50 micrometres) at the surface of cartilage, but also seeps into the articular cartilage filling any empty space. The fluid within articular cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During normal movements, the synovial fluid held within the cartilage is squeezed out mechanically (so-called weeping lubrication) to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface.

22. Muscles, Bones, and Movement
Putting the “Operation” in cooperation

23. Seven Golden Rules of Muscle Activity
Muscles get smaller as they contract.
Muscles cross at least one joint.
The bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed.
All muscles have an insertion and origin.
During contraction, the insertion moves toward the origin.
Muscles only pull; they never push.
Muscles work in pairs.

24. Smaller as they Contract.
1.Muscles Get …..
Smaller as they Contract.
Try it with your bicep!!!

25. 2.Muscles Cross at Least One Joint
Think drawbridge!!
How can muscles effect movement if they don’t cross a joint?
Where does the bulk of the muscle lie? 

28. All Muscles Have an Insertion and an Origin
Insertion = More moveable attachment
Origin = Less moveable attachment
Insertion is usually distal.
Origin is usually proximal.
Insertion moves toward origin during muscle contraction.

29. Because they work in PAIRS!!!!
Muscles Only Pull
So how do they effect flexion AND extension? Abduction AND Adduction?
Because they work in PAIRS!!!!
Prime Mover = the muscle with major responsibility for effecting a movement.
Antagonist = the opposing muscle responsible for the opposite movement.

30. Muscles Work in Pairs
A muscle can be both a prime mover and an antagonist.
Name some prime mover-antagonist pairs.

31. Remember From Last Class…..

32. Joint
the movable or fixed place or part where two bones of a skeleton join.

33. The Joints
Fibrous
Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. The union of the spinous processes and vertebrae are fibrous joints.

34. The Joints Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs.

35. The Joints
Synovial
Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain* the synovial fluid.

36. Joints Synovial membrane – Composed of soft areolar connective tissue.
Bursa – flattened fibrous sacs found where bones, tendons, and ligaments come together. Function?
Benefit of synovial fluid??

37. Benefits of Synovial Fluid
Reduces Friction
Protects the bone

38. Tendons and Ligaments Tendons – Attach muscle to bone
Ligaments – Attach bone to bone.
Form follows function???

39. Synovial Joints