1. Chapter 9 *Lecture Outline
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2. Chapter 9 Outline Articulations Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Selected Articulations in Depth
Disease and Aging of the Joints
Development of the Joints

3. Articulations Defined
An articulation, or joint, is:
the place where a bone meets
another bone
cartilage
teeth
Articulations vary in stability and mobility

5. Joint Mobility vs. Stability
varies from immobile to wide range of motions
Stability
articular shape affects mobility and stability
More mobile = less stable
compare shoulder to skull

6. Relationship Between Joint Mobility and Joint Stability
Figure 9.1

7. Naming Joints Joints are usually named for the articulating bones
i.e., sternoclavicular and radioulnar joints

9. Classifying Joints Anatomically (by structure)
What exists between the bones?
connective tissue vs. lubricant
Physiologically (by function)
How mobile (or stable) are the bones?
stable vs. mobile

10. Structural Joint Classes
Fibrous
bones held together by collagen fibers
Cartilaginous
bones held together by cartilage
Synovial
bones separated by fluid

11. Functional Joint Classes
Synarthroses
immobile joints (most stable)
Amphiarthroses
slightly mobile joints
Diarthroses
freely mobile joints

12. Relationship of Joint Structure and Function Classes

13. Fibrous Joints Collagen-filled, no joint cavity Three specific types:
Gomphoses: teeth to maxilla and mandible
Sutures: between skull bones
Syndesmoses: between parallel bones (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula)
Most immobile or only slightly mobile

14. Fibrous Joints
Figure 9.2

15. Cartilaginous Joints Bones attached by cartilage No joint cavity
Two specific types:
Synchondroses: bones joined by hyaline cartilage (usually immobile)
Symphyses: bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (slight mobility)

16. Cartilaginous Joints
Figure 9.3

17. Synovial Joints Anatomy Articular capsule Joint cavity Synovial fluid
Articular cartilages
Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels
Physiology: freely mobile (diarthroses)

18. Typical Synovial Joint
Figure 9.4

19. Articular Capsule Two layers
outer fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue strengthens joint
inner synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages
absorbs shock during compression of the joint

20. Articular Cartilages
Articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilage
prevents bone-to-bone contact during compression of joint

21. Ligaments, Nerves, and Blood Vessels
Ligaments: connect bone to bone
strengthen and reinforce capsule
Nerves: signal (pain) when a joint is over stretched
Blood vessels: nourish tissues in the joint

22. Synovial Joint

23. Synovial Accessories
Synovial fluid-filled structures to reduce friction
Bursae: sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and/or bones rub
Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other

24. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Figure 9.5

25. Synovial Joint Classes
Classified anatomically by shape of articulating surfaces
Classified physiologically by number of movements allowed
Uniaxial: bone moves in only one plane
Biaxial: bone moves in two planes
Multiaxial: bone moves in more than two planes

26. Synovial Joint Shapes
In order of increasing movement, the six classes of synovial joint are:
Plane joints: Intercarpal
Hinge joints: Ulnar/Humerus
Pivot joints: Atlas/Axis
Condylar joints: Metacarpals
Saddle joints: Pollex
Ball-and-socket joints: Pectoral/Pelvic Girdle

27. Synovial Joint Shapes
Figure 9.6

28. Synovial Joint Movements
Four types of motions:
Gliding: Plane Joints
Angular:Flexion/Extension/Abduction/Adduction/Circundaction
Rotational:Rotation/pronation/Supination
Special: Depression/Elevation/ retraction

29. Gliding Motion
Articular surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side
Occurs mainly in plane joints
i.e., between carpals

30. Angular Motions An angle between bones changes
Flexion vs. extension, hyperextension
Lateral flexion
Abduction vs. adduction
Circumduction

31. Flexion vs. Extension
Enlarge art as much as possible
Figure 9.7

32. Flexion vs. Extension
Enlarge art as much as possible
Figure 9.7

33. Lateral Flexion
Figure 9.7

34. Abduction vs. Adduction
Figure 9.8

35. Abduction vs. Adduction
Figure 9.8

36. Circumduction
Figure 9.9

37. Rotational Motions A bone turns along its longitudinal axis
alantoaxial joint turning back-and-forth in the “no” gesture
limbs turning to and from median plane
medial and lateral rotation
pronation vs. supination

38. Rotation
Figure 9.10

39. Medial and Lateral Rotation
Enlarge art as much as possible
Figure 9.10

40. Pronation vs. Supination
Figure 9.10

41. Special Movements Occur only at specific joints
depression vs. elevation
dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
inversion vs. eversion
protraction vs. retraction
opposition

42. Depression vs. Elevation
Figure 9.11

43. Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar Flexion
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(b)
Plantar
flexion
Dorsiflexion
Figure 9.11
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./ Photo by Jw Ramsey

44. Inversion vs. Eversion
Figure 9.11

45. Protraction vs. Retraction
Figure 9.11

46. Opposition
Figure 9.11

48. Selected Articulations
Joints of the axial skeleton
temporomandibular joint
intervertebral articulations
sternoclavicular joint

49. Axial Skeleton Joints

50. Axial Skeleton Joints

51. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Diarthrotic hinge between mandibular condyle and temporal bone with:
articular disc
ligaments
sphenomandibular
stylomandibular
temporomandibular (lateral)

52. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Figure 9.12

53. Intervertebral Articulations
Amphiarthroses between vertebral bodies: intervertebral discs with
outer anulus fibrosus
inner nucleus pulposus
Diarthroses between superior and inferior articular processes with
ligaments: anterior and posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum

54. Intervertebral Articulations
Figure 9.13

55. Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

56. Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

57. Sternoclavicular Joint
Diarthrotic saddle between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of the clavicle
ligaments
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular
costoclavicular
interclavicular

58. Sternoclavicular Joint
Figure 9.14

59. Acromioclavicular Joint
Diarthrosis between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
ligaments:
acromioclavicular
coracoclavicular

60. Acromioclavicular Joint
Figure 9.15

61. Glenohumeral Joint
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
with: glenoid labrum
ligaments: coracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral
muscles: rotator cuff (4)
bursae: subacromial, subcoracoid, subdeltoid, and subscapular

62. Glenohumeral Joint
Figure 9.15

63. Glenohumeral Joint
Figure 9.15

64. Elbow Joint Diarthrotic hinge between humerus, and ulna and radius
ligaments:
radial (lateral) collateral
ulnar (medial) collateral
anular

65. Elbow Joint
Figure 9.16

66. Radiocarpal (Wrist) Joint
Diarthrotic condylar joint between:
distal articular surface of radius and
three proximal carpal bones
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum

67. Radiocarpal (Wrist) Joint
Figure 9.17

68. Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
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Table 9.5
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Joints
Joint
Articulation Components
Structural Classification
Functional
Classifi cation
Description of
Movement
Sacroiliac
Auricular surfaces of sacrum
and ilia
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding; more movement
during pregnancy and
childbirth
Sacroiliac
Hip (coxal)
Head of femur and acetabulum of
os coxae
Synovial (ball-and-socket)
Diarthrosis
Abduction, adduction,
circumduction, extension,
flexion, medial and lateral
rotation of thigh
Hip
Pubic symphysis
Pubic symphysis
Two pubic bones
Cartilaginous (symphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
Very slight movements;
more movement during
childbirth
Knee
Patellofemoral joint: Patella and
patellar surface of femur
Tibiofemoral joint: Condyles of
femur and condyles of tibia
Both synovial (acts as hinge)
and synovial (plane) at
patellofemoral joint;
synovial (acts as hinge) at
tibiofemoral joint1
Diarthrosis
Extension, flexion, lateral rotation
of leg in flexed position, slight
medial rotation
Superior joint: Head of fi bula and
lateral condyle of tibia
Inferior joint: Distal end of fi bula
and fi bular notch of tibia
Superior joint:
Synovial (plane)
Inferior joint: Fibrous
(syndesmosis)
Tibiofi bular
Amphiarthrosis
Slight rotation of fi bula during
dorsiflexion of foot
Patellofemoral (knee)
Tibiofemoral (knee)
Talocrural
Tibiofibular (superior)
Distal end of tibia and medial
malleolus with talus
Lateral malleolus of fi bula
and talus
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Intertarsal
Between the tarsal bones
Synovial (plane)
Eversion and inversion
of foot
Diarthrosis
Tarsometatarsal
Synovial (plane)
Three cuneiforms (tarsal bones),
cuboid, and bases of five
metatarsal bones
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding
Tibiofibular (inferior)
Talocrural
Metatarsophalangeal
(MP joints)
Synovial (condylar)
Abduction, adduction,
circumduction, extension,
and flexion of proximal
phalanges
Heads of metatarsals and bases
of proximal phalanges
Intertarsal
Diarthrosis
Tarsometatarsal
Interphalangeal (IP
joints)
Heads of proximal and middle
phalanges with bases of
middle and distal phalanges,
respectively
Synovial (hinge)
Metatarsophalangeal (MP)
Interphalangeal (IP)
Extension and flexion of
phalanges
Diarthrosis

69. Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

70. Hip (Coxal) Joint
Diarthrotic ball-and-socket between head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae with:
articular capsule with retinacular fibers
ligaments:
iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubofemoral
ligament of head of femur

71. Hip (Coxal) Joint
Insert Figure 9.18a,b,c and d
Figure 9.18

72. Knee Joint Diarthrotic hinge between femur, tibia, and patella
Largest and most complex joint in body with:
medial and lateral menisci
ligaments:
patellar
fibular (lateral) collateral
tibial (medial) collateral
anterior and posterior cruciate (ACL and PCL)

73. Knee Joint
Figure 9.19

74. Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Diarthrotic hinge between distal ends of tibia and fibula and talus of tarsals
ligaments:
deltoid
lateral
anterior and posterior tibiofibular

75. Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Figure 9.20

76. Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Figure 9.20

77. Joints of the Foot Diarthroses: intertarsal: plane between tarsals
tarsometatarsal: plane between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals
metatarsophalangeal (MP): condyle between metatarsal and proximal phalanges
interphalangeal (IP): hinge between phalanges

78. Joints of the Foot Figure 9.21
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Interphalangeal
(IP) joints
Metatarsophalangeal
(MP) joints I II
III IV V
Tarsometatarsal joints
Cuneiform bones
Intertarsal joints
Navicular bone
Cuboid
bone
Talus
Figure 9.21
Calcaneus
Right foot, superior view