1. Joints

2. Joints Joints are also known as arthroses or articulations
Joints can be classified both structurally and functionally
Structural Classification
Fibrous Joints: Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous Joints: Held together by cartilage
Synovial Joints: Have a synovial cavity, and usually ligaments
Functional Classification
Synarthrosis: An immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis: A slightly movable joint
Diarthrosis: A freely movable joint

3. Fibrous Joints Suture (synarthrosis) Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis)
Only between bones of the skull
Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis)
For example, interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Gomphosis (synarthrosis)
Teeth in alveolar processes
Periodontal ligament
Periodontal disease

4. Cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis (synarthrosis)
Hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
First rib and manubrium
Symphysis (amphiarthrosis)
Ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage, with fibrous cartilage in between
Pubic symphysis
Manubrium and body of sternum

5. Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)
Most common joints in the body
Articular Capsule
Outer Fibrous Capsule
Ligaments
Inner Synovial Membrane
Articular Cartilage
Synovial Fluid
Nature’s WD-40
Accessory Ligaments
Discs or Menisci
Fibrocartilage

6. Angular Movement at Synovial Joints:
Flexion & Extension
Flexion decreases the angle between articulating bones
Extension increases the angle between articulating bones
Extension beyond anatomical position is hyperextension

7. Angular Movement at Synovial Joints:
Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction
Abduction is movement away from the midline
Adduction is movement toward the midline
Circumduction is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

8. Angular Movement at Synovial Joints:
Special Movements
Rotation rotates a bone around its own longitudinal axis
Inversion and Eversion are movements of the soles medially or laterally
Dorsiflexion is standing on your heels
Plantar flexion is standing on your toes
Supination and pronation move the palm anteriorly or posteriorly

9. Types of Synovial Joints:
Ball and Socket

10. Types of Synovial Joints:
Hinge

11. Types of Synovial Joints:
Pivot

12. Types of Synovial Joints:
Ball and Socket
A multiaxial joint, allowing movement in all three axes
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
Shoulder: Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity
Hip: Head of femur fits into acetabulum of hip bone

13. Types of Synovial Joints:
Hinge
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Produces an angular opening/closing type of movement
Knee: Femur and tibia
Elbow: Humerus and ulna
Ankle: Tibia and talus
Interphalangeal joints

14. Types of Synovial Joints:
Pivot
The rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring of bone and ligament
A monoaxial joint, because it allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis
Atlanto-axial joint
Shake your head “no”
Radioulnar joint
Palms move anteriorly and posteriorly
Curve balls

15. Types of Synovial Joints:
Other Joints