1. Tissue Types Integumentary System Homeostatic Mechanisms
Body Systems
Tissue Types Integumentary System Homeostatic Mechanisms

2. Four Major Tissue Types
Connective: binds and supports body parts
Muscular: allows movement
Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses
Epithelial: covers body surfaces, lines body cavities

3. Three Components of Connective Tissue
Specialized cells
Protein Fibers
collagen
elastic fiber
reticular fiber
Ground Substance: Non-cellular material separating cells

4. Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue
Contains fibroblast cells
Matrix: ground substance + fibers
Protective covering for muscles, blood vessels, nerves

5. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Collagen fibers packed together
Forms
Tendons: connect muscles to bone
Ligaments: connect bone to bone

6. Fibrous Connective Tissue: Adipose Tissue
nucleus
Fig. 4.4c
Cells store fat
Found under skin, around kidneys, heart

7. Supportive Connective Tissue: Cartilage
Solid, flexible matrix
Cells located in chambers – lacunae
Elastic cartilage --elastin fibers --more flexible --outer ear
Fibrocartilage --strong collagen fibers --between vertebrae and in knee joint
Hyaline cartilage
--most common
--contains fine collagen fibers
--nose, ends of long bones and ribs, walls of respiratory passages

8. Supportive Connective Tissue: Bone
Solid, rigid matrix of calcium salts around collagen fibers
In compact bone, cells are located in spaces between rings of matrix
Spongy bone
Compact bone

9. Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
Liquid matrix = plasma
dissolved substances, eg. gases, ions
suspended substances, eg. proteins
Formed elements: cells and cell fragments
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting
transport oxygen
fight infection

10. Fluid Connective Tissue: Lymph
Liquid matrix = lymphatic fluid
Contains white blood cells

11. Applying Your Knowledge
Adipose Tissue
Blood
Bone
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Which type of tissue has a liquid matrix?
Which type of tissue stores fat?
Which type of tissue has a solid matrix of calcium salts?

12. Muscular Tissue Cells are called muscle fibers
Cells contain protein filaments called actin and myosin
Smooth Muscle Involuntary
cell
nucleus
Skeletal Muscle Voluntary
nucleus
striation
Cardiac Muscle Involuntary
nucleus

13. Nervous Tissue Neurons- conduct nerve impulses
Neuroglia- support and nourish neurons
Receives signals from other neurons
Maintains cell metabolism
Conducts signals to next neuron
Insulates neuron

14. Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal: cube-shaped cells
Squamous: flattened cells
Columnar: elongated cells
Pseudostratified Columnar
Simple = one layer Pseudostratified = appears as multiple layers Stratified = multiple layers

15. Other Terms Related to Epithelial Tissue
Basement Membrane- joins epithelium to underlying connective tissue
Gland- epithelial tissue that secretes a product
mucus
hormones

16. Applying Your Knowledge
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Connective Tissue
Which type of tissue includes cells in a solid matrix, as for cartilage?
Which type of tissue covers body surfaces?
Which type of tissue receives and transmits signals?
Which tissue has cells with actin and myosin filaments?

17. Integumentary System: Skin and Accessory Organs
Regions of the Skin
Epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
cells become hardened due to keratin
continually replaced from basal layer
melanocytes give pigmentation

18. Integumentary System: Skin and Accessory Organs
Regions of the Skin
Dermis
dense fibrous connective tissue
contains collagen and elastic fibers
contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain and temperature
has blood vessels to nourish skin

19. Integumentary System: Skin and Accessory Organs
Nails
Hair follicles
Oil glands
Sweat glands

20. Integumentary System: Skin and Accessory Organs
Functions
Protects organs from physical trauma
Protects body from infections
Limits water loss
Regulates temperature

21. Body Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

22. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback
Ability to bring about a change in the opposite direction, leads to stability
eg. temperature regulation
Positive Feedback
Rapid change in one direction
eg. giving birth

23. Temperature Regulation
Control center
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point
directs response
to stimulus
Sensor
Effect
Temperature Regulation
Blood vessels dilate;
sweat glands secrete.
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
above normal
Normal body temperature
below normal
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Blood vessels constrict;
sweat glands are inactive;
shivering may occur.
Control center
directs response
to stimulus
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point

24. Body Systems Contributing to Temperature Regulation
Integumentary System
Sweat glands
Circulatory System
Dilation or Constriction of Blood vessels
Nervous System
Hypothalamus (regulatory center)

25. Applying Your Knowledge
Dermis
Epidermis
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Which is the outermost skin layer? (1 or 2)
Which skin layer contains blood vessels? (1 or 2)
Which mechanism controls blood glucose levels? (3 or 4)
Which mechanism causes a fever to increase to higher temperatures? (3 or 4)