1. ARTHROLOGY DR.VINIT.K.ASHOK ADJUNCT INSTRUCTOR

2. DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS, AND ARTICULATIONS. SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: A)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION: B)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures) AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs) DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL) SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

4. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY. A)FIBROUS JOINTS B)CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS C)SYNOVIAL JOINTS FIBROUS JOINTS- -BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE -no joint cavity a)Sutures b)Syndesmoses c)Gomphoses

5. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- -THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE -THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY a)Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones) b)Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones) SYNOVIAL JOINTS- -MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID) -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES) -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED) -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS -BURSAE -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY

6. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER.ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT. 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

9. synchodroses

10. SYMPHSIS

11. SYNOVIAL JOINT

12. BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

14. ELBOW JOINT

16. BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

17. MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT) BALL AND SOCKET

18. BALL AND SOCKET

19. MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

20. FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

21. FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

22. ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/ CIRCUMDUCTION

23. INVERSION/EVERSION