1. Unit I: Framework Joints
Chapter 8

2. Four types of structural classifications: Bony Joints Fibrous Joints
Functional Classifications:
Synarthrosis –
Amphiarthrosis –
Diarthrosis –
Four types of structural classifications:
Bony Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints

3. Bony Joints
Synarthrosis
Fused by bone
Synostosis –
Examples: frontal bone and mandible of infants

4. Fibrous Joints
Two bones united by fibrous tissue
Synarthrosis –
Three kinds of fibrous joints:
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

5. Fibrous Joints
Sutures
3 types of sutures:
serrate
lap
plane

6. Fibrous Joints Gomphoses
Pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments.
Example: The attachment of a tooth to its socket by the periodontal ligaments.

7. Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses
Two bones are bound by long collagen fibers
Example: Tibia and Fibula
Radius and Ulna (Amphiarthrosis)

8. Cartilaginous Joints Linked by cartilage Two types:
Synchondroses – bones bound by hyaline cartilage
Synarthrosis
Example: Epiphyseal plate
Symphyses – bones joined by fibro-cartilage
Amphiarthrosis
Example: Pubic symphysis, intravertebral discs

9. Synovial Joints
Diarthrosis
Most familiar and important joints: jaw, hip, elbow, knee
Features:
Meniscus
Bursae
Osteoarthritis

10. Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Types of Synovial Joints
Models of Joint Motion
Examples
Manubrium
Clavicle
Ulna
Humerus
Atlas
Axis
Scaphoid bone
Radius
Metacarpal bone
of thumb
Trapezium
Scapula
• Acromioclavicular and
claviculosternal joints
• Intercarpal and
intertarsal joints
• Vertebrocostal joints
• Sacro-iliac joints
• Elbow joints
• Knee joints
• Ankle joints
• Interphalangeal joints
• Atlas/axis
• Proximal radio-ulnar
joints
• Radiocarpal joints
• Metacarpophalangeal
joints 2–5
• Metatarsophalangeal
• First carpometacarpal
• Shoulder joints
• Hip joints
Figure

11. Accessory Structures
Tendons – connects bones to muscle
Ligaments – attaches one bone to another

12. Foot Arches 3 springy arches
Arches held together by short, strong ligaments

13. Biomechanics
Lever – an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance at some other point.
fulcrum –
effort –
resistance –

14. Types of Levers First Class
Fulcrum is in the middle
Atlanto-occipital joint

15. The resistance is in the middle
Types of Levers
Second Class
The resistance is in the middle
Mandible

16. Types of Levers Third Class
The effort is applied in the middle
The forearm when flexing the elbow

17. Movement of Synovial Joints
Activity
Using your book and this handout:
Properly perform each type of synovial movement
Choose an action (think outside the box) that uses that movement. E.g.: what might you be doing with that type of movement?
Label which type of synovial joint would be used

18. Movement of Synovial Joints
Flexion – decreases joint angle
lateral flexion
Ulnar & Radial flexion
Extension – straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position
Hyperextension – extreme extension of a joint beyond zero position

19. Movement of Synovial Joints
Abduction – the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline.
Adduction – movement back toward the midline

20. Movement of Synovial Joints
Elevation – raises a body part superiorly
Depression – lowers a body part inferiorly

21. Movement of Synovial Joints
Protraction – moving a part forward anteriorly in the horizontal plane
Retraction – moving a part backward posteriorly in the horizontal plane

22. Movement of Synovial Joints
Circumduction – one end remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

23. Movement of Synovial Joints
Rotation – a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.
Lateral (external) rotation – spin away from midline
Medial (internal) rotation – spin towards the midline

24. Movement of Synovial Joints
Supination – turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward, radius is parallel to ulna.
Pronation – turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward, radius crosses ulna.

25. Movement of the Feet Dorsiflexion – elevate the toes
Plantar flexion – point toes downward

26. Movement of the Feet
Inversion – tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other
Eversion – tips the soles laterally, away from each other

27. Exam 1
Chapters: 1, 6, 7, 8
Fill in the blank
Multiple Choice
Matching
Short answer
True/False
Lab Practical
Lab indentification
name of bone, surface feature, right/left, cranial/facial, type of joint, male vs. female
All fill in the blank

28. “Bones are the solid, non-living structures that hold up our bodies.”
Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?