1. Articulations Points of contact between bones (Joints) Primary Joint Classifications Functional NameStructural NameDegree of Movement Example SynarthrosesFibrousImmovableSutures of skull AmphiarthrosesCartilaginousSlightly movableSymphysis Pubis DiarthrosesSynovialFreely movableShoulder joint

2. Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

3. Amphiarthroses Cartilaginous Joints

4. Diarthroses Synovial Joints Most mobile joints Most numerous joints Most complex joints Structures Joint Capsule – sleevelike casing around ends of bones to bind them together Synovial Membrane – membrane lining capsule; secretes synovial fluid Articular Cartilage – cartilage covering articular surface of bones Joint Cavity – small space between articulating surfaces Menisci – pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones Ligaments – strong dense white fibrous tissue that hold bones of a synovial joint firmly together Bursae – synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid; cushions joints and help movement of tendons

5. Types of Synovial Joints uniaxial biaxial multiaxial Between C1 & C2 Elbow, knee ThumbBetween radius and carpals Shoulder, hip Vertebrate

6. Shoulder Joint (ball and socket)

7. Hip Joint (ball and socket)

8. Knee Joint (hinge)

10. Vertebral Joints (gliding)

11. Range of Motion (ROM) ROM assessment used to determine extent of joint injury Goniometer – instrument used to measure ROM

12. Angular Movements Hyperextension

13. Circular Movements Circumduction

14. Gliding Movements

15. Special Movements Inversion Eversion

16. Noninflammatory Joint Diseases Osteoarthritis Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) most common NIJD of moveable joints Wear and tear deterioration Atrophy of articular cartilage Formation of new bone at joint surface Most common in weight-bearing joints (hips, lumbar spine, knees) Symptoms: stiffness, pain, limited movement Cause: unknown Treatment: none to stop progression Treatment for symptoms: NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) aspirin, ibuprofen, Celebrex, Vioxx

17. Noninflammatory Joint Diseases Traumatic Injuries - Dislocation articular surfaces of bones not in proper contact can damage blood vessels and nerves can tear ligaments pain and swelling Treatment: realignment

18. Noninflammatory Joint Diseases Traumatic Injuries - Dislocation

19. Noninflammatory Joint Diseases Traumatic Injuries – Meniscus Tear one of most common athletic injuries severe tears produce: edema, pain, instability, limited motion Treatment: arthroscopic surgery

20. Normal Meniscus Linear Tear of Medial Meniscus

21. Noninflammatory Joint Diseases Traumatic Injuries – Sprain acute musculoskeletal injury to ligaments surrounding joint Cause: twisting movement Symptoms: bruising from rupture of blood vessels, limited motion

22. Inflammatory Joint Diseases Arthritis - Rheumatoid Arthritis chronic and systemic inflammatory connective tissue disease Cause: unknown Inflammation of synovial membrane, destruction of cartilage, bone erosion, progressive crippling and deformity Small joints effected first (hand, wrist, feet) but progresses to larger joints Symptoms: pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness, fever, anemia, weight loss, profound fatigue May cause damage to blood vessels, eyes, lungs, heart Treatment: Corticosteroid drugs reduce immune activity along with NSAIDs to relieve pain and inflammation

23. Inflammatory Joint Diseases Arthritis - Rheumatoid Arthritis

24. more severe than adult form more common in girls destroys cartilage growth and stops long bone growth Inflammatory Joint Diseases Arthritis – Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

25. metabolic disorder in which excess uric acid (nitrogenous waste) in blood deposits crystals within synovial fluid and other tissues chronic inflammation and tissue damage Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, pain in fingers, wrists, ankles, knees, elbows Treatment: Allopurinol – drug to inhibit uric acid synthesis Inflammatory Joint Diseases Arthritis – Gouty Arthritis

26. Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritisGouty arthritis