1. CHAPTER 4 TISSUES & MEMBRANES
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2. TISSUES A TISSUE IS MADE OF MANY SIMILAR CELLS WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS.
EACH TYPE OF TISSUE IS DISTIGUISHED BY THE STRUCTURE OF ITS CELLS AND THE FUNCTIONS IT PERFORMS.
THERE ARE FOUR BASIC TYPES:-
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

3. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS AND THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS IN THE TISSUES.
THE FUNCTION OF EACH EPITHELIAL TISSUE DEPENDS ON ITS SPECIFIC LOCATION AND THE TYPE OF THE TISSUE.
THESE FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:-
PROTECTION
ABSORPTION
FILTERATION
SECRETION

4. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
SIMLE EPITHELIUM:-
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM:-
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

5. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF FLAT CELLS.
FOUND IN THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS AND KIDNEYS.
FUNCTIONS ARE FILTERATION, SECRETION AND ABSORPTION.

6. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

7. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

8. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CUBE -SHAPED CELLS.
FOUND IN THE KIDNEYS, OVARIES AND SOME GLANDS.
FUNCTIONS ARE ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.

9. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

10. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

11. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF COLUMN – SHAPED CELLS PLUS GOBLET CELLS.
THE GOBLET CELLS SECRETE MUCUS.
FOUND IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINES AND MANY GLANDS.
FUNCTIONS ARE ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.

12. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

13. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

14. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
MADE BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CILIATED COLUMNAR CELLS THAT LOOK LIKE THEY ARE MORE THAN ONE LAYER PLUS SOME COBLET CELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS.
FOUND IN THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LINNING.
MUCUS TRAP DUST PARTICLES AND THE BEATING CILIA REMOVE THE MUCUS.

15. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

16. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

17. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
MADE BY SEVERAL LAYERS OF CUBOIDAL CELLS THAT BECOME FLATTENED AS THEY APPROACH THE TISSUE SURFACE.
FOUND ON THE SKIN SURFACE, LINNIG OF MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS AND VAGINA.
FUNCTION FOR PROTECTION.

18. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

19. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

20. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
MADE BY SEVERAL LAYERS OF LARGE ROUNDED CELLS THAT BECOME FLAT WHEN STRETCHED.
FOUND IN THE INTERIOR LINNING OF THE URINARY BLADDER.
FUNCTION IS TO PERMIT STRETCHING OF THE URINARY BLADDER WALL.

21. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

22. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

23. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
THEY ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT TISSUES IN THE BODY THAT SUPPORT AND BIND OTHER TISSUES TOGETHER.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER:-
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE:-
CARTILAGE – BONE – BLOOD.

24. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MADE BY A LOOSE ARRANGEMENT OF COLLAGENOUS & ELASTIC FIBERS IN A GEL-LIKE MATERIAL & SOME SCATTERD FIBROBLASTS.
FOUND UNDER THE SKIN, IN INTERNAL ORGANS, BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES.
FUNCTION FOR ATTACHMENT OF THE SKIN & SUPPORT OF INTERNAL ORGANS.

25. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

26. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

27. ADIPOSE TISSUE MADE BY CLOSELY PACKED FAT CELLS.
FOUND UNDER THE SKIN AND AROUND INTERNAL ORGANS.
FUNCTION FOR ENERGY STORAGE AS FAT, BODY INSULATION AND FORMS PROTECTIVE CUSHIONS AROUND THE INTERNAL ORGANS.

28. ADIPOSE TISSUE

29. ADIPOSE TISSUE

30. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MADE BY TIGHT PACKED COLLAGENOUS SEPARATED BY ROWS OF FIBROBLASTS.
FOUND IN TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, SKIN AND FIBROUS CAPSULES AROUND SOME INTERNAL ORGANS.
FUNCTION FOR ATTACHMENT OF BONES TO MUSCLES, BONES TO BONES AND PROTECTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS.

31. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

32. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

33. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MADE BY LOTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS PLUS SOME SCATTERED FIBROBLASTS.
FOUND IN LUNGS, AIR PASSAGES AND BLOOD VESSELS.
FUNCTION FOR FLEXIBILITY BY ALLOWING EXPANSION & CONTRACTION OF THESE STRUCTURES.

34. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CARTILAGE:-
HYALINE CARTILAGE IN THE JOINTS.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE IN LARYNX & EAR.
FIBROCARTILAGE IN VERTEBRAL DISKS.
BONE:- HARDEST & MOST RIGID TISSUE.
BLOOD:- LIQUID PLASMA & BLOOD CELLS

35. HYALINE CARTILAGE

36. HYALINE CARTILAGE

37. ELASTIC CARTILAGE

38. ELASTIC CARTILAGE

39. FIBROCARTILAGE

40. BONE

41. BONE

42. BLOOD

43. BLOOD

44. MUSCLE TISSUES SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE:- VOLUNTARY MUSCLES ATTACHED TO
BONES THAT ALLOW BODY MOVEMENT.
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE:-
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES FOUND INSIDE
HOLLOW ORGANS AND BLOOD VESSELS.
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE:-
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE FOUND IN THE HEART.

45. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

46. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

47. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

48. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

49. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

50. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

51. NERVE TISSUE
MADE OF NEURONS {NERVE CELLS} AND NEUROGLIA {SUPPORTING CELLS}.
NEURONS FUNCTION FOR IMPULSE FORMATION AND TRANSMISSION.
NEUROGLIA FUNTION IS TO NOURISH, INSULATE AND PROTECT THE NEURONS.
NERVE TISSUE FORM THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD AND NERVES.

52. NERVE TISSUE

53. NERVE TISSUE

54. BODY MEMBRANES
BODY MEMBRANES ARE THIN SHEETS OF TISSUES THAT LINE CAVITIES, COVER SURFACES, SEPARATE TISSUES OR ORGANS.
THEY ARE MADE OF EITHER EPITHELIAL & CONNECTIVE TISSUE TOGETHER OR CONNECTIVE TISSUES ONLY.

55. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
MADE FROM SHEETS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE OVERLYING A THIN SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES:-
SEROUS MEMBRANES:- PERICARDIUM
MUCOUS MEMBRANES:- RESPIRATORY
CUTANOUS MEMBRANES:- SKIN

56. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
MADE BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
EXAMPLES INCLUDE:-
THREE MENINGES AROUND THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.
PERICHONDRIUM COVERS CARTILAGE.
PERIOSTEUM COVERS BONE SURFACES.
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES COVER JOINTS.