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Published bySavanah Kittles Modified over 10 years ago
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ARTICULATIONS Joints between bones Hold bones firmly to each other Permit movement Classified by degree of movement (range of motion) and type of substance between bones
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1. SYNARTHROSES Immovable Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue (ligaments) or bony fusions 4 types: –Sutures (fibrous) –Gomphoses - tooth root + alveolar processes of mandible or maxillae (fibrous) –Synostosis – bony fusion – epiphyseal line, metopic sutures –Synchondroses (joint between ribs and sternum; epiphyseal plate) (hyaline cartilage)
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2. AMPHIARTHROSES Slight movement Cartilaginous 2 types: –Symphysis (located along midline of body) (fibrocartilage) –Syndesmoses (radius + ulna; tibia + fibula)
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3. DIARTHROSES Freely moveable joints Most mobile and complex Synovial joints See drawing 6 kinds: –Hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
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A. HINGE JOINTS Movement in one plane Flexion (decrease angle between 2 bones) Extension (increase angle between 2 bones) Elbow, knee, ankle, occipital condyles and atlas, interphalangeal
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B. PIVOT JOINTS Rotational movement in one plane A projection of one bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone C1 and C2, head of radius and radial notch of ulna
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C. GLIDING JOINTS Side to side movements (slight movement) Flat surfaces slide over each other Carpals, tarsals, clavicles and sternum, articular facets of vertebrae
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D. CONDYLOID Movement in two planes (biaxial) Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction Interphalangeal joints, carpo- metacarpal joints (wrist)
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E. SADDLE Carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb One convex face, one concave face
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F. BALL AND SOCKET Movement in all planes Shoulder and hip joints
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MOVEMENT AT DIARTHROTIC JOINTS Depends upon shape of articulating surfaces of bones, position of ligaments, muscles and tendons
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ANGULAR MOVEMENTS Flexion Extension Hyperextension Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Abduction Adduction
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CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation
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SPECIAL MOVEMENTS Inversion Eversion Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Gliding (simplest; no circular or angular)
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HUMEROSCAPULAR JOINT Glenoid labrum Superior, medial and inferior glenohumeral ligaments Rotator cuff
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HIP JOINT Less movement than shoulder One of strongest Ileofemoral, ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments
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KNEE JOINT Largest, one of most complex and most frequently injured Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage pads) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments MCL and LCL 13 bursae Patellar ligament
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VERTEBRAL JOINTS Herniated discs
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WHAT AM I??? Osteoarthritis Bursitis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Osgood-Schlatter Disease Arthroscopy
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