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Plant Structure and Growth
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Plant Structure and Growth
Three main organs: Roots Stems Leaves
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Plant Structure and Growth
Three main organs: Roots Stems Leaves (Angiosperms have a fourth main organ—the flower.)
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms:
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots Dicots
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Dicots Two cotyledons
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots Petals x 3.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots Petals x 4 or 5.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Two types of angiosperms: Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veins Complex vascular bundles Fibrous roots Petals x 3. Dicots Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular bundles in rings Tap roots Petals x 4 or 5.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Roots Fibrous roots absorb water well Tap roots hold fast in the ground and store nutrients All roots absorb water mostly at the root tips, through root hairs Adventitious roots prop up tall stems.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Roots Fibrous roots absorb water well Tap roots hold fast in the ground and store nutrients All roots absorb water mostly at the root tips, through root hairs Adventitious roots prop up tall stems.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf
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Plant Structure and Growth
Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf Terminal bud at the apex Apical dominance
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Plant Structure and Growth
Stems Nodes and internodes Axillary bud by each leaf Terminal bud at the apex Apical dominance Stolons are “runners.”
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Plant Structure and Growth
Leaves Main photosynthetic organ Blade and petiole (stalk) simple compound double compound.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Three main tissue systems: Dermal Vascular (xylem and phloem) Ground.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Dermal Tissue Single layer of cells over the outside Secretes waxy cuticle
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Plant Structure and Growth
Vascular tissue Xylem carries water up Phloem carries food down Tracheids and vessel elements in the xylem are dead at functional maturity Sieve tube members and companion cells in the phloem are alive.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Ground tissue Includes pith and cortex
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Plant Structure and Growth
Types of plant cells: Parenchyma (unspecialized) Collenchyma (support growing parts of plant) Sclerenchyma (support mature parts of plant) Tracheids (xylem, dead at maturity) Sieve-tube members (phloem.)
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Plant Structure and Growth
Meristems generate cells for new organs Apical meristems elongate roots and shoots. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Bark includes phloem and periderm. Periderm includes cork cells, which form a waxy protective substance.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis in plants
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division A band of microtubules called the preprophase band (PPB) determines the plane of cell division.
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division The fas mutant has disorganized microtubules and grows into a disorganized plant.
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Plant Structure and Growth
The Plane and Symmetry of Cell Division The fas mutant has disorganized microtubules and grows into a disorganized plant.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Orientation of Cell Expansion
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Plant Structure and Growth
Orientation of Cell Expansion Microfibrils control the direction of cell expansion
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Plant Structure and Growth
Orientation of Cell Expansion Microfibrils control the direction of cell expansion.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Orientation of Cell Expansion Plants can expand very quickly because much of the increase in cell volume is just water in the central vacuole.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Remember the homeotic genes that we learned about in animals?
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Remember the homeotic genes that we learned about in animals? Plants have them too.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. Auxin, a hormone secreted at the tip of the plant, is in less and less concentration the further down you go.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. This establishes the root end and the shoot end, and lets the cell know how far down it is.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Cells need positional information. Another hormone secreted at the surface of the stem is in less concentration the further it you go. This tells the cell how far inside it is.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Morphogenesis is controlled by homeotic genes
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Plant Structure and Growth
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation Morphogenesis is controlled by homeotic genes Mutations in the homeotic genes can cause “supercompound” leaves.
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Plant Structure and Growth
Plants also undergo phase changes Juvenile growth to mature growth Vegetative growth to reproductive growth (flower formation).
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower ovule
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower ovary ovule
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower style ovary ovule
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stigma style ovary ovule
Plant Structure and Growth Parts of a Flower stigma style ovary ovule
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stigma style carpel ovary ovule
Plant Structure and Growth Parts of a Flower stigma style carpel ovary ovule
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower anthers
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower anthers filaments
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anthers stamens filaments
Plant Structure and Growth Parts of a Flower anthers stamens filaments
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower petals
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower petals sepals
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Plant Structure and Growth
Parts of a Flower
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Plant Structure and Growth
Seen from above, these structures are in four concentric rings or “whorls.” Sepals Petals Stamens Carpals
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Plant Structure and Growth
Their development is controlled by three homeotic genes called A, B, and C. Sepals Petals Stamens Carpals
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Plant Structure and Growth
Their development is controlled by three homeotic genes called A, B, and C. Sepals Petals Stamens A B Carpals C
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Wild type flower A AB BC C C CB BA A
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Mutant lacking A C BC BC C C CB CB C
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Mutant lacking A C BC BC C C CB CB C
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Mutant lacking B A A C C C C A A
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Mutant lacking B A A C C C C A A
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Mutant lacking C A AB AB A A BA BA A
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Mutant lacking C A AB AB A A BA BA A
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Vocabulary Review monocot dicot fibrous root tap root
adventitious root node internode axillary bud terminal bud apical dominance stolon blade petiole dermal vascular ground xylem phloem tracheid sieve tube member pith cortex apical meristem lateral meristem bark periderm cork homeotic genes preprophase band fas mutant auxin ovary ovule style stigma carpel anther filament stamen petal sepal.
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