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Published byMireya Stabler Modified over 10 years ago
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Anatomy & Physiology The Skeletal System- Part 4
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JOINTS aka Articulations 2 Functions: 1. Hold Bones Together 2. Allows otherwise rigid skeleton to have some flexibility
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Classification of Joints Functionally Named according to how much movement allowed @ joint Structurally Named according to presence of fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a joint cavity separate the articulated bones
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Functional Joints Synarthrosis Immovable joints Skull bones Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable joints Symphysis pubis Diarthrosis Freely movable joints Ball & Socket or Hinge Joints
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Structural Joints 1. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Joint connecting distal tibia & fibula 2. Cartilaginous Joints Bone ends connected by cartilage Pubic symphysis 3. Synovial Joints Articulating ends of bone separated by joint cavity
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4 Features of Synovial Joints 1. Articular Cartilage Hyaline cartilage covers ends of bones 2. Fibrous Articular Capsule Joint surfaces enclosed by capsule of fibrous CT Capsule lined by synovial membrane 3. Joint Cavity Contains synovial fluid 4. Reinforcing Ligaments Reinforce fibrous articular capsule
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Types of Synovial Joints 1. PLANE JOINT Articular surfaces flat Allow gliding movement (w/out rotation) Example: intercarpal joints of wrist & ankle
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Types of Synovial Joints 2. HINGE JOINT cylindrical end of bone fits into trough-shaped surface of another bone Angular movement allowed in 1 plane Examples: elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints
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Types of Synovial Joints 3. PIVOT JOINT Rounded end of 1 bone fits into sleeve or ring of another bone allows 1 bone to rotate along its long axis Example: joint between atlas & dens of axis
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Types of Synovial Joints 4.CONDYLOID JOINT “knuckle-like” Egg-shaped end of 1 bone fits into oval concavity in another bone Allows for moving bone to travel side-to-side & back-and-forth but cannot rotate along its long axis Example: metacarpophalangeal joint
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4. CONDYLOID JOINT
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Types of Synovial Joints 5. SADDLE JOINTS Each articular surface has convex & concave areas Same movements as condyloid joints Example: twiddling your thumbs
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Types of Synovial Joints 6. BALL & SOCKET JOINTS Spherical head of 1 bone fits into a round socket formed by 1 or more bones Allows movement is 3 dimensions(most freely moving of synovial joints)
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SPRAINS Ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or tearing Both have poor blood supply so heal slowly
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ARTHRITIS “inflammation of a joint” General term for >100 different diseases Most wide-spread, disabling disease in USA Onset: same symptoms: joint stiffness & swelling Synovial membrane inflammed thickens less synovial fluid increased friction
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune disorder Adult onset or Juvenile onset Women 3x more often than men Any synovial joint could be affected, often symmetrical involvement disfiguring
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Osteoarthritis Most common form of arthritis Chronic degenerative condition: “wear-and- tear” Affects articular cartilage (eventually breaks down) increased friction bone spurs develop restricts movement
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Osteoarthritis
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