1. Dr. Anand Srinivasan for MBBS 2013 on 10/10/2013

2.  Classify and describe the characteristic features of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints.  Describe the parts and clinical importance of structures forming synovial joint.

3.  Site where 2 or more bone come together, whether or not movements occurs between them.

4.  FUNCTIONAL  Synarthoses = immovable joint  Amphiarthroses = slightly movable  Diarthroses = freely movable  Based on the tissues that lie between them :  Fibrous  Cartilaginous  Synovial

5.  Articulating surfaces joined by fibrous tissue  No joint cavity  Very little / no movement  TYPES :  Suture  Syndesmosis  Gomphosis

7.  Inferior tibio-fibular joint  Interosseous membrane of radio ulnar joint

8.  Peg in socket type

10.  Joint between Epiphysis and Diaphysis  1 st rib and sternum

11.  Intervertebral disc  Pubic symphysis

12.  Freely movable.  Presence of joint cavity (synovial cavity)  Articulating surface – lined by hyaline cartilage  Presence of synovial membrane – secreting synovial fluid – reduces friction  Synovial membrane protected by “Capsule”

13.  ARTICULAR DISC  Wedges of fibrocartilage interposed between articular surfaces.  FATTY PADS  Found between synovial membrane & capsule / bone

14.  Arrangement of articular surfaces & type of movements  PLANE / GLIDING JOINTS  Articular surface – flat  Type of movement – sliding  E.g. : Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular

15.  HINGE JOINTS  E.g. : Elbow, Knee & Ankle joints  PIVOT JOINTS  E.g. Atlanto-axial, Radio-ulnar

16.  CONDYLOID JOINT :  Has 2 convex surfaces which articulate with concave surfaces  E.g. Metacarpophalangeal joint  ELLIPSOID JOINT :  E.g. Wrist joint

17.  SADDLE JOINT  Reciprocally concavoconvex  E.g.1 st Carpometacarpal joint  BALL & SOCKET JOINT  E.g. Shoulder joint, Hip joint

18.  JOINT STABILITY  Shape, size and arrangement of articular surfaces  Ligaments  Muscle tone  HILTON’S LAW  Sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplied the muscles moving the joint and the overlying skin

20.  LIGAMENTS :  Bands of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones.  TYPES: ▪ Intrinsic or Capsular ▪ Extracapsular ▪ Intracapsular ▪ Fibrous ▪ Elastic  TENDONS:  Bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to the bones

21.  BURSAE  Closed space containing synovial fluid  Lined by synovial membrane on the inside and a fibrous membrane on the outside.  Found where tendons rub against bones, ligaments or other tendons.  Close to joints where skin rubs against underlying structures e.g. Prepatellar bursa  Occassionaly may communicate with cavity of synovial joint e.g. suprapatellar bursa

23.  Synovial sheaths tubular bursa surrounding a tendon.

24.  Clinical Anatomy by Regions – Snell 9 th edition – Chapter 1 : Introduction Pg : 11 – 16.

25.  Pictures – from Google images  http://www.dummies.com/how- to/content/articulating-the-importance-of- joints-in-anatomy.html http://www.dummies.com/how- to/content/articulating-the-importance-of- joints-in-anatomy.html  http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutori al/bonejt/anc07.htm http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutori al/bonejt/anc07.htm