1. Lab 5 The Appendicular Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 5 Activities 1.The appendicular skeleton 2.The fetal skeleton 3.Joint models 4.Joint classifications (structural and functional) 5.Types of joints 6.Movements allowed at a joint

3. The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

4. Appendicular Skeleton òThe bones appended to the axial skeleton: l Can be broken down into subgroups to facilitate learning: Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages –Be able to distinguish male versus female –Especially important as relates to childbirth Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot l Learn all bones and bone markings on the list on p.5-2 of the lab manual

5. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb *

6. Male versus Female Pelves The angle of the pubic arch is key

7. Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female

8. Other sexual differences of Pelves  Females have wide, broad greater sciatic notches, moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features of male pelve

9. Bones of the Right Foot  Need know only talus and calcaneous of tarsals  Metatarsals  Phalanges

10. Arches of the Foot The Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.

11. Lab 6: The Fetal Skeleton and Articulations

12. The Fetal Skeleton  The red areas represent the ossified parts of bones

13. The Fetal Skull Intramembranous ossification Sutures fuse after birth flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.

14. Fontanels

15. Classification of Joints  Structural l Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity l Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity l Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity  Functional l Synarthroses - non-movable l Amphiarthroses - slightly movable l Diarthroses - freely movable

16. Fibrous Joints  Suture - wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone  Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament  Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

17. Cartilaginous Joints  Synchondroses l hyaline cartilage l epiphyseal plate most limb bones l most ribs to sternum  Symphyses l fibrocartilage l pelvis, vertebrae

18. Synovial Joints  General Structure l articular cartilage l synovial (joint) cavity l articular capsule l synovial fluid l reinforcing ligaments l meniscus – (not illustrated) fibrocartilage pad, e.g., tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio- femoral (knee) joint

19. Gliding (plane) joint  Flat planes gliding over each other  Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

20. Hinge Joints  Cylindrical projection fits into a notch  Ulna and humerus  Tibia and femur  Interphalangeal joints

21. Pivot Joints  Rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments  Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)  Proximal radio-ulnar joint

22. Condyloid Joints  Rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone  Radio-carpal joints  Metacarpal- phalangeal joints

23. Saddle Joints  Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas  Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

24. Ball and Socket Joints  Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket  Provides greatest rotational flexibility  Shoulder  Hip  Special cases of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

25. Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide Gliding Rotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Circumduction Special Movements

26. Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000