1. Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System
Medical terminology

2. Chapter 14 Abbreviations
D.O.
NSAID
AKA
BKA CR
CRIF
disl Fx
ORIF
Doctor of Osteopathy
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
above-knee amputation
below-knee amputation
closed reduction
closed reduction internal fixation (fracture treatment)
dislocation
fracture
open reduction internal fixation (surgical fracture treatment)

3. Chapter 14 AbbreviationsMD OA RA
C1, C2
L1, L2 LS
T1, T2
EMG
ROM
muscular dystrophy
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
cervical vertebrae #1, 2, etc.
lumbar vertebrae #1, 2, etc.
lumbosacral
thoracic vertebrae #1, 2, etc.
electromyogram
range of motion

4. Chapter 14 Abbreviations
Ortho OT PT Ht Wt
orthopedics
occupation therapy
physical therapy
height
weight

5. Musculoskeletal System
Function
Muscular System – movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production
Skeletal System – provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts (i.e. brain), store calcium, and produce blood cells
They work together  protect, support, and move the body

6. Musculoskeletal System
Bone Structure
periosteum
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periostem
cancellous (spongy) bone
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

7. Musculoskeletal System
diaphysis
shaft of the long bones
epiphysis
end of each long bone
bone marrow
material found in the cavities of bones
red marrow: thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation
yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

8. Musculoskeletal System
Bone Structure

9. Musculoskeletal System
Skeletal Bones
maxilla
upper jawbone
mandible
lower jawbone
vertebral column
made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs.
protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles

10. Musculoskeletal System
cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
first set of 7 bones, forming the neck
thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
third set of five large vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
sacrum
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
lamina (pl. laminae)
part of the vertebral arch

11. Musculoskeletal System
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
should blade
acromion process: extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
sternum
breastbone
xiphoid process: lower potion of the sternum
humerus
upper arm bones

12. Musculoskeletal System
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
olecranon process
projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
carpal bones
wrist bones
metacarpal bones
hand bones
phalanges (sing. phalanx)
finger and toe bones

13. Musculoskeletal System
pelvic bone, hip bone
made up of three bones fused together
ischium: lower, rear portion of which one sits
ilium: upper, wing-shaped part of each side
pubis: anterior portion of the pelvic bone
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
femur
upper leg bone
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones

14. Musculoskeletal System
patella(pl. patellae)
kneecap
tarsal bones
ankle bones
calcaneus
heel bone
metatarsal
foot bones

15. Bones of the Body

16. Musculoskeletal System
Joints (articulations)
Hold bones together
articular cartilage
smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together

17. Musculoskeletal System
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities
bursa (pl. bursae)
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
ligament
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that attches muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bones

18. Body Joints

19. Musculoskeletal System
Muscles
skeletal muscles (striated muscles)
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Voluntary muscles because we have control over them
smooth muscles (unstriated muscles)
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. Involuntary muscles b/c they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntary

20. Musculoskeletal System
cardiac muscle (myocardium)
forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

21. Muscles of the Body

22. Types of Muscle

23. Types of Body Movement Term Definition abduction adduction inversion
eversion
extension
flexion
pronation
supination
rotation
moving away from the midline
moving toward the midline
turning inward
turning outward
mvmnt. in which a limb is placed in a straight position
mvmnt. in which a limb is bent
mvmnt. that turns the palm down
mvmnt. that turns the palm up
turning around its own axis

24. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System
Combining Form
Definition
carp/o
clavic/o, clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
lumbo
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicle (collarbone)
rib
cranium (skull)
femur (upper leg bone) [note: u  o]
fibula (lower leg bone) (also perone/o)
humerus (upper arm bone)
ilium
ischium
loin, lumbar region of the spine

25. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System
Combining Form
Definition
mandibul/o
maxill/o
patell/o
pelv/i, pelv/o
phalang/o
pub/o
rachi/o
radi/o
sacr/o
scapul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxilla (upper jawbone)
patella (kneecap)
pelvis, pelvic bone
phalanges
pubis
spine, vertebral column
radius (lower arm bone)
sacrum
scapula (shoulder blade)

26. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System
Combining Form
Definition
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
stern/o
tars/o
tibi/o
uln/o
vertebra
sternum (breastbone)
tarsals (ankle bones)
tibia (lower leg bone)
ulna (lower arm bone)

27. Word Parts for Joints Combining Form Definition aponeur/o arthr/o
burs/o
chondr/o
disk/o
menisc/o
synovi/o
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
aponeurosis
joint
bursa (cavity)
cartilage
intervertebral disk
meniscus (crescent)
synovia, synovial membrane
tendon

28. Word Parts commonly used with Musculoskeletal
Combining Form
Definition
ankyl/o
kinesi/o
lamin/o
lord/o
myel/o
my/o, myos/o
oste/o
crooked, stiff, bent
movement, motion
lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
bent forward (increased concavity)
bone marrow
muscle
bone

29. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System
Prefix
Definition
inter-
supra-
sym-, syn-
between
above
together, joined
Suffix
Definition
-asthenia
-clasia, -clasis
-desis
-physis
-schisis
weakness
break
surgical fixation, fusion
growth
split, fissure

30. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
ankylosis
arthritis
bursitis
chondromalacia
cranioschisis
diskitis
fibromyalgia
kyphosis
lordosis
maxillitis

31. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
meniscitis
myasthenia
osteitis
osteoarthritis
osteochondritis
osteofibriboma
osteomalacia
osteomyelitis
osteopenia
osteosarcoma

32. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
polymyositis
rachischisis
rhabdomyolysis
scoliosis
spondylarthritis
spondylosis
synoviosarcoma
tendinitis
tenosynovitis

33. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
bunion
carpal tunnel syndrome
exostosis
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe.
Common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (hallux valgus)
a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve.
Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and figures
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (spur)

34. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
fracture
gout
herniated disk
broken bone
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joints, especially the great toe, producing arthritis
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots
also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus

35. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
Lyme disease
an infection caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.
Symptoms, caused by the body’s immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash at the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue
First reported in Lyme, Conn., in The primary treatment is antibiotics. Left untreated, Lyme disease can mimic several other musculoskeletal diseases

36. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease and Disorders]
Definition
osteoporosis
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

37. Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
aponeurorrhaphy
arthrocentesis
arthroclasia
arthrodesis
arthroplasty
bursectomy
carpectomy
chondrectomy
chondroplasty
costectomy

38. Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
cranioplasty
craniotomy
diskectomy
laminectomy
maxillectomy
meniscectomy
myorrhphy
ostectomy
osteoclasis
patellectomy

39. Med Terms (from word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
phalangectomy
rachiotomy
spondylosyndesis
synovectomy
tarsectomy
tenomyoplasty
tenorrhaphy
vertebroplasty

40. Med Terms (from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
arthrography
ENDOSCOPY
arthroscopy
OTHER
electromyogram

41. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
arthralgia
atrophy
bradykinesia
carpal
clavicular
cranial
dyskinesia
dystrophy
femoral
humeral

42. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
hyperkinesia
hypertrophy
iliofemoral
intercostal
intervertebral
intracranial
ischiofibular
ischiopubic
lumbar
lumbocostal

43. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
lumbosacral
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteonecrosis
pelvic
pelvisacral
pubic
pubofemoral
radial
sacral

44. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
sternoclavicular
sternoid
subcostal
submandibular
submaxillary
subscapular
substernal
suprapatellar
suprascapular

45. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
symphysis
tibial
ulnoradial
vertebrocostal

46. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
podiatrist
chiropractic
chiropractor
crepitus
specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment
system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column
specialist in chiropractic
the crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (crepitation)

47. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
orthopedics
orthopedist
orthotics
orthotist
branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
physician who specializes in orthopedics
making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities
a person who specializes in orthotics

48. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
osteoclast
osteopath
osteopathy
type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. It works in balance with osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone tissue
physician who specializes in osteopathy
system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

49. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
prosthesis (pl. prostheses)
an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement