1. Joints & Movements

2.  Joints A. Articulations: functional junctions btwn bones
B. enable a wide variety of body movements
C. classified according to the degree of movement
immovable
slightly movable
freely movable
D. can also be classified by type of tissue
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints

4. E. Fibrous Joints held close together by dense connective tissue are immovable (sutures of skull) or slightly movable (joint btwn distal tibia & fibula)

5. F. Cartilaginous Joints
1. Hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage
unite the bones
2. Intervertebral disks btwn vertebrae help absorb shock & are slightly movable
3. ex: symphysis pubis, first rib w/ the sternum

6. G. Synovial Joints
1.  Most joints of the skeleton, are complex
2. Articular ends are covered w/ hyaline cartilage
3. A joint capsule consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum & an inner layer made up of synovial membrane
a. Synovial fluid lubricates
4. Some contain shock-absorbing pads fibrocartilage called menisci
5. Some have fluid-filled sacs called bursae

8. 6. Based on the shapes of their parts & movements they permit, synovial joints can be classified as:
a. Ball & Socket consists of a bone w/ a globular head articulating w/ the cup-shaped cavity of another bone; a very wide range of motion. ex. the hip
b. Condyloid consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, permitting a variety of motions; ex. the joint btwn a metacarpal & a phalange
c. Gliding occur where articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved, allowing a back-&-forth motion; ex. wrist, ankle, & btwn vertebrae

9. d. Hinge a convex surface fits into a concave surface
movement is in one plane only
ex. elbow & phalange joints
e. Pivot a cylindrical surface rotates in a ring of bone & fibrous tissue;
ex. joint btwn proximal ends of radius & ulna
f. Saddle forms where articulating surfaces have both concave & convex areas, wide range of movements
ex. joint btwn trapezium & metacarpal of thumb

11. Muscular Involvement Insertion – movable end of a muscle
Orgin – stationary end

12. Joint Movements flexion, extension abduction, adduction
dorsiflexion,
plantar flexion
hyperextension
abduction, adduction
rotation, circumduction
pronation, supination
eversion, inversion
retraction, protraction
elevation, depression

13. Abduction
Adduction