1. Vicentiu Covrig 1 Options Options (Chapter 19 Jones)

2. Vicentiu Covrig 2 Potential Benefits of Derivatives Derivative instruments: Value is determined by, or derived from, the value of another instrument vehicle, called the underlying asset or security Risk shifting - Especially shifting the risk of asset price changes or interest rate changes to another party willing to bear that risk Price formation - Speculation opportunities when some investors may feel assets are mis- priced Investment cost reduction - To hedge portfolio risks more efficiently and less costly than would otherwise be possible

3. Vicentiu Covrig 3 Option characteristics Options are created by investors, sold to other investors Option to buy is a call option Call options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today. Option to sell is a put option Put options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at prices agreed upon today Option premium – price paid for the option Exercise price or strike price – the price at which the asset can be bought or sold under the contract Open interest: number of outstanding options

4. Vicentiu Covrig 4 Option characteristics Expiration date - European: can be exercised only at expiration - American: exercised any time before expiration Option holder: long the option position Option writer: short the option position Hedged position: option transaction to offset the risk inherent in some other investment (to limit risk) Speculative position: option transaction to profit from the inherent riskiness of some underlying asset. Option contracts are a zero sum game before commissions and other transaction costs.

5. Vicentiu Covrig 5 Call buyer (seller) expects the price of the underlying security to increase (decrease or stay steady) Put buyer (seller) expects the price of the underlying security to decrease (increase or stay steady) At option maturity - Option may expire worthless, be exercised, or be sold How Options Work

6. Vicentiu Covrig 6 Options Trading Option exchanges are continuous primary and secondary markets - Chicago Board Options Exchange largest Standardized exercise dates, exercise prices, and quantities - Facilitates offsetting positions through Options Clearing Corporation  OCC is guarantor, handles deliveries

7. Vicentiu Covrig 7 Options Contracts: Preliminaries A call option is: In-the-money - The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset. At-the-money - The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the underlying asset. Out-of-the-money - The exercise price is more than the spot price of the underlying asset.

8. Vicentiu Covrig 8 Options Contracts: Preliminaries A put option is: In-the-money - The exercise price is greater than the spot price of the underlying asset. At-the-money - The exercise price is equal to the spot price of the underlying asset. Out-of-the-money - The exercise price is less than the spot price of the underlying asset.

9. Vicentiu Covrig 9 Options Example: Suppose you own a call option with an exercise (strike) price of $30. If the stock price is $40 (in-the-money): - Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to buy at $30, and you can exercise and then sell for $40. If the stock price is $20 (out-of-the-money): - Your option has no intrinsic value - You would not exercise your right to buy something for $30 that you can buy for $20!

10. Vicentiu Covrig 10 Options Example: Suppose you own a put option with an exercise (strike) price of $30. If the stock price is $20 (in-the-money): - Your option has an intrinsic value of $10 - You have the right to sell at $30, so you can buy the stock at $20 and then exercise and sell for $30 If the stock price is $40 (out-of-the-money): - Your option has no intrinsic value - You would not exercise your right to sell something for $30 that you can sell for $40!

11. Vicentiu Covrig 11 Options Stock Option Quotations - One contract is for 100 shares of stock - Quotations give:  Underlying stock and its current price  Strike price  Month of expiration  Premiums per share for puts and calls  Volume of contracts Premiums are often small - A small investment can be “leveraged” into high profits (or losses)

12. Vicentiu Covrig 12 Options Example: Suppose that you buy a January $60 call option on Hansen at a price (premium) of $9. Cost of your contract = $9 x 100 = $900 If the current stock price is $63.20, the intrinsic value is $3.20 per share. What is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling for $50? Out-of-the-money, so Profit = ($900) What is your percentage profit with options? Return = (0-9)/9 = -100% What if you had invested in the stock? Return = (50-63.20)/63.20 = (20.89%)

13. Vicentiu Covrig 13 Options What is your dollar profit (loss) if, at expiration, Hansen is selling for $85? Profit = 100(85-60) – 900 = $1,600 Is your percentage profit with options? Return = (85-60-9)/9 = 77.78% What if you had invested in the stock? Return = (85-63.20)/63.20 = 34.49%

14. Vicentiu Covrig 14 Options Payoff diagrams - Show payoffs at expiration for different stock prices (S) for a particular option contract with a strike price of E - For calls:  if the S<E, the payoff is zero  If S>E, the payoff is S-E  Payoff = Max [0, S-E] - For puts:  if the S>E, the payoff is zero  If S<E, the payoff is E-S  Payoff = Max [0, E-S]

15. Vicentiu Covrig 15 Option Trading Strategies There are a number of different option strategies: Buying call options Selling call options Covered call Buying put options Selling put options Protective put

16. Vicentiu Covrig 16 Buying Call Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will increase (long position) Profit for purchasing a Call Option: Per Share Profit =Max [0, S-E] – Call Premium The following diagram shows different total dollar profits for buying a call option with a strike price of $70 and a premium of $6.13

17. Vicentiu Covrig 17 Buying Call Options 405060708090100 1,000 500 0 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (500) (1,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $6.13 Profit from Strategy Stock Price at Expiration

18. Vicentiu Covrig 18 Selling Call Options Bet that the price will not increase greatly – collect premium income with no payoff Can be a far riskier strategy than buying the same options The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer (no upper bound on E-S) Uncovered calls: writer does not own the stock (riskier position) Covered calls: writer owns the stock Moderately bullish investors sell calls against holding stock to generate income

19. Vicentiu Covrig 19 Selling Call Options 405060708090100 (1,000) (1,500) (2,000) (500) 0 500 1,000 (2,500) (3,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $6.13 Stock Price at Expiration Profit from Uncovered Call Strategy

20. Vicentiu Covrig 20 Covered call S E Payoff of stockSS Payoff call-0-(S-E) PremiumCC Total payoffC+SC+E

21. Vicentiu Covrig 21 Covered Call Writing 0 Stock Price at Expiration Profit ($) Purchased share Written call Combined

22. Vicentiu Covrig 22 Buying Put Options Position taken in the expectation that the price will decrease (short position) Profit for purchasing a Put Option: Per Share Profit = Max [0, E-S] – Put Premium Protective put: Buying a put while owning the stock (if the price declines, option gains offset portfolio losses)

23. Vicentiu Covrig 23 Buying Put Options 405060708090100 1,000 500 0 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (500) (1,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $2.25 Profit from Strategy Stock Price at Expiration

24. Vicentiu Covrig 24 Hedging strategy that provides a minimum return on the portfolio while keeping upside potential Buy protective put that provides the minimum return - Put exercise price greater or less than the current portfolio value? Problems in matching risk with contracts Portfolio Insurance

25. Vicentiu Covrig 25 Protective put S E Payoff of stockSS Payoff putE-S0 Premium-P-P Total payoffE-PS-P

26. Vicentiu Covrig 26 Selling Put Options Bet that the price will not decline greatly – collect premium income with no payoff The payoff for the buyer is the amount owed by the writer (payoff loss limited to the strike price since the stock’s value cannot fall below zero)

27. Vicentiu Covrig 27 Selling Put Options 405060708090100 (1,000) (1,500) (2,000) (500) 0 500 1,000 (2,500) (3,000) Exercise Price = $70 Option Price = $2.25 Stock Price at Expiration Profit from Strategy

28. Vicentiu Covrig 28 Exam type question An investor bought two Google June 425 (exercise price is $425) put contracts for a premium of $20 per share. At the maturity (expiration), the Google stock price is $370. (i) Draw the payoff diagram of the investment position. (ii) Calculate the total profit/loss of the position at the expiration.

29. Vicentiu Covrig 29 Option pricing Factors contributing value of an option - price of the underlying stock - time until expiration - volatility of underlying stock price - cash dividend - prevailing interest rate. Intrinsic value: difference between an in-the-money option ’ s strike price and current market price Time value: speculative value. Call price = Intrinsic value + time value Exercise prior to maturity implies the option owner receives intrinsic value only, not time value

30. Vicentiu Covrig 30 Factors Affecting Prices

31. Vicentiu Covrig 31 Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Where C: current price of a call option S: current market price of the underlying stock X: exercise price r: risk free rate t: time until expiration N(d 1 ) and N (d 2 ) : cumulative density functions for d 1 and d 2

32. Vicentiu Covrig 32 Options can be used to control the riskiness of common stocks - If stock owned, sell calls or buy puts Call or put option prices do not usually change the same dollar amount as the stock being hedged - Shares purchased per calls written =N(d 1 ) - Shares purchased per puts purchased =N(d 1 ) - 1 Riskless Hedging (NOT on the exam)

33. Vicentiu Covrig 33 Learning outcomes: discuss the benefits of using financial derivatives know the basic characteristics of options know the options’ payoffs know how to calculate the profits/losses of a long/short call and put options, covered call and protective put (numerical application) Know the factors affecting option pricing; no numerical problems with Black-Scholes NOT on the exam: Boundaries on option prices p523-524; Put option valuation, riskless hedging, Stock index options p 528-534; Recommended End-of-chapter questions:19-1 to 14 Recommended End-of-chapter problems:19.1, 2, 3