1. The Cardiovascular System
Blood
The Heart
Blood Vessels

2. Cardiovascular system
Functions:
Transports:
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
wastes
chemical messengers
Homeostasis of pH
temperature
clotting
Disease Defense

3. Systemic Vessels

5. Blood = Plasma + Formed (Cellular) Elements
~ 55% blood volume
~ 92% of plasma is water
High dissolved oxygen content
Dissolved proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Cells
~ 45% blood volume
RBCs ~ 99% of cells
WBCs ~1% of cells

6. The Proteins in Plasma Albumins 60% of plasma proteins viscosity
Globulins
35% of plasma proteins
Immunoglobulins attack foreign invaders
Fibrinogen
React in clotting reaction
Form fibrin (serum = plasma - fibrinogen)

7. Cellular Components RBCs (erythrocytes)~ 99% of all cells.
~ 1/2 blood volume.
Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cellular components (~ RBC volume)
Lacks mitochondria,
ribosomes, nuclei
Life span = ~120 days

8. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM)
of Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
on the tip of a hypodermic needle.

9. Hemoglobin

10. Erythropoietin

11. Life and death of an RBC

13. Anemia Pernicious anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Sickle cell anemia
Low Fe absorption – Vitamin B12 and instrinsic factor
Hemorrhagic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Hypochromic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
polycythemia

14. Pernicious anemia

15. Blood Types - ABO

16. What type?

17. What type?

18. Erythroblastosis fetalis

19. Granular Leukocytes (WBCs)
Neutrophils
70% circulating leukocytes
Highly active aggressive phagocytes
Eosinophils (acidophils)
Much less common
Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies
Parasitic infections
Basophils
Relatively rare
allergeries
Release histamines.

20. Agranular Leukocytes Lymphocytes Primary cell of the lymphatic system
T-cells attack foreign cells directly
B-cells produce antibodies
Monocytes
Migrate into peripheral tissues and differential into Macrophages
Highly mobile phagocytic cells
diapedesis

22. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Platelet cells (Thrombocytes)
Fragments of Megakaryocytes
enclosed packets of cytoplasm for blood clotting
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas

23. Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit - from heart to lungs back to heart
to body
back to heart

24. Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins = vessels that return blood to the heart.
Capillaries = smallest vessels, found between smallest arteries
and veins. These are the exchange vessels.

25. The Heart
Myocardium
Chambers
Valves (one-way-flow)
Pericardial Sac

27. Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

29. Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
Myocardium
Muscular wall of the heart
Endocardium
Epithelium of inner surface

30. The Heart is Dual Pump Most of the heart is Myocardium
- Contractile Myocardiocytes
* Interconnected by intercalated discs

32. Position and Orientation of the Heart

35. Sectional Anatomy of the Heart

36. Blood Flow through Heart
RA -> ______ valve -> RV -> _____ valve -> pulmonary trunk
-> pulmonary ______s -> lungs -> pulmonary _____s -> LA -> ____ valve -> LV -> ___ valve -> ascending aorta -> aortic arch
Receives blood from systemic circuit
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary veins
Return blood to coronary sinus then on to right ventricle
Foramen ovale open during embryonic development
Fossa ovalis after birth

37. Right Ventricle Right AV valve / Tricuspid valve
Blood comes from right atrium to right ventricle through the atroventricular (AV) valve
Right AV valve / Tricuspid valve
Three cusps of fibrous tissue
- Chordae tendineae
- Papillary muscles
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
Blood leaves Rt Ventricle via pulmonary Semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk.
Branches to left and right pulmonary arteries

38. How do papillary muscles work?
Valves of the Heart
How do papillary muscles work?

39. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds
Closure of the AV valves create the 1st heart sound (‘lub’).
Closure of the semilunar valves create the 2nd heart sound (‘dupp’).
Placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest.

40. Coronary Circulation

46. Normal Functional Heart Anatomy

47. Congenital Heart Defects

48. Congenital Heart Defects

49. Congenital Heart Defects

50. The Cardiac Cycle

51. The Electrocardiogram
Recording of the electrical activities in the heart
P wave
= Atrial Depolarization
QRS complex
= Ventricular Depolarization
T wave
= Ventricular Repolarization

52. ECG

54. The Conducting System of the Heart

57. Heart cycle