1. Romanesque
Eastern Europe

2. Historical Context-Europe-1000-1100
Orthodox Christianity (Byzantine) converts a largely pagan Russia (remember: Constantinople modern day Istanbul)
Further divided long standing rivalry between Roman (ie Roman Catholic- centered in Rome), and Orthodox (Byzantine)
The Pope also increases his authority over central and eastern Europe
They eventually split in Orthodoxy in the decline and has an exposed frontier with Islam
- Roman Catholicism would expand and grow
Growth of the cult of the saints and the habit of pilgrimage that was growing around their relics
The church grew more wealthy, and new buildings appeared along pilgrimage roads

3. We can see the similarities of the Byzantine, Greek Orthodox and Russian church architecture and how they differ from the castle and tower churches of Medieval Europe

4. Romanesque Architecture
“Romanesque” is the first international style since the Roman Empire
Romanesque architecture is massive, low, and solid-looking
Competition among cities for the largest churches, which continues in the Gothic period via a “quest for height.”
Religious in theme and designed to evoke wonder and powerful response from the viewer

5. Art and architecture were used to demonstrate the churches powerful role as political, religious and cultural leader of the West
Masonry (stone) the preferred medium. Craft of concrete essentially lost in this period.
Rejection of wooden structures or structural elements.
East end of church the focus for liturgical services. West end for the entrance to church.
Church portals as “billboards” for scripture or elements of faith.

6. windows were small so not to weaken walls
Pilgrimage church
Cruciform plans. Nave and transept at right angles to one another. Church as a metaphor for heaven.
Crossings (where the nave and transept crossed) where often topped with towers, or domes, or laterns
Ambulatories , or walkways, were built around the apse to allow for large processions needed to view the relics
Columns separate the nave from the side aisles-create strong feeling of rhythm
Interior space could not get great height because of problems of weight and thrust
windows were small so not to weaken walls
Stè Sernim Toulouse France

7. Towers on side of entrance
Abbey Church Jumieges France
Durham Cathedral
Worms Cathedral

8. Roofs replace by masonry barrel vaults
Groin vaults were often used to stabilize naves
Ribbed groin vaults of Durham Cathedral, England began 1093

9. Rounded arches were used throughout including over windows and niches that contained sculpture

10. These heavy structures spanned large naves and created a lot of tremendous outward pressure, requiring massive exterior buttresses and thick walls for support.
Buttresses: a massive support built against a wall to receive the lateral thrust (pressure) exerted by the vault, roof or arch.

11. Pisa and its Leaning Tower
Another important feature of Romanesque architecture was the use of a separate bell tower, or campanile, that was built beside the main church.
Made up of a cathedral, the baptistery, and the campanile ( or bell tower-leaning tower)
White marble with horizontal band of green marble
Tower will eventually fall over as it tilts more each year
Cathedral- latin cross plan- apse at each end of the transept and a pointed dome over the center crossing
Façade tiers of superimposed arches

13. CASTLES Found in Germany, France, England, Italy and Spain
Marksburg Castle (Germany) typical for 12th century
Stands on a cliff 495 ft above the Rhine river
Main tower reaches 130 ft more into the air
Resembles churches

14. ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE:
Associated with church
Large in scale, attached to architecture
mostly on capitals of columns, portals of doors, or niches
Expressive and placed to evoke an emotional response from the viewer

15. tympanum-arched area above the doorway lintel and the arch- used for bas relief sculpture
Mission of the Apostles, Sainte-Madeline in Vezelay-
Christ sending his disciples to teach out into the world
Appropriate for many Crusades left from here
Rays of holy spirit pouring down on the apostles (they all have their copies of the Gospels
Lintel had grotesque figures the heathen (infidels) dog-headed, pig like, dwarf, also the blind and lame all awaiting conversion for salvation
Also contains zodiac signs

17. The Bayeux Tapestry is preserved and displayed in Bayeux, in Normandy, France. Nothing is known for certain about the tapestry’s origins.
Some historians argue that it was embroidered in Kent, England.
It is a very long and narrow hanging on which are embroidered figures and inscriptions comprising a representation of the conquest of England".
The Bayeux Tapestry was probably commissioned in the 1070s
It is over 70 metres long and although it is called a tapestry it is in fact an embroidery, stitched not woven in woollen yarns on linen..

18. Events Technology Religion Architecture Art 1000-1100 Chart
Western Europe
Near East
India
Far East
Events
Norman expansion
First Crusade
Rapid increase of population
Lands recovered by the Byzantines 1025
Then defeated 1071 by Seljuks
Capture of Jerusalem by knights of the first crusade
NW India invaded by Mahmud of Ghnzni- zealous Muslim
Punjab annexed to to his central empire
Great prosperity under Norther Sung Dynasty
Large increase in population
Rice introduced
Technology
Greek medicine
Astrolabe
Water power- mills
More refined astronomical instruments
Improved navigational tables
Gunpowder first used in warfare
Printing with movable type
First compass
Astronomical instruments perfected
Water driven clock
Confucian decline of Buddhism among governing classes
Religion
Spiritual power of Pope extended
Pilgrimage routes
established
Split between Roman and Byzantine churches
Revitalization of Islam brought about by the emergence of the Seljuks
Decline of the tolerant Fatimid dynasty of Egypt
South- Hindu cult of Shiva
NW- Islam established
Architecture
Romanesque churches:
Westminster Abbey
Pisa Cathedral
Tower of Victory, Afghanistan
Mosque of al- Juyushi, Egypt
Temple of Shiva
Mount Abu temples
Colour of the iron Pagoda, China
Tèien-ning temple Peking
Art
Bayeux Tapestry
Bronze Doors St Michales
Constantinople famed for silks and ivories
Seljuk brickwork
Erotic sculptures of Khajuraho
Jain sculptural decorations
Period of unsurpassed excellence in Chinese ceramics and painting
Realism in Sung painting