2. Where is Southern English heading? Pressures from North, East, West, South William Labov, University of Pennsylvania Duke University October 9, 2008

3. www.ling.upenn.edu/~labov

4. Where did Southern English come from?

5. Figure 14.24 Settlement patterns of the Eastern U.S. (Kniffen and Glassie 1966)

6. New light on the expatriate Southern community in Brazil Shana Poplack, William Labov, Maciej Baranowski

7. Older forms of Southern English retained in Americana speech The /j/ glide with /uw/ after coronals in new, tune, news, knew, student, etc. The contrast of /ohr/ vs. / O hr/ in more, four, before, important vs. born, for, north, short, etc. The contrast of /hw/ and /w/ in which, where, vs. witch, wear, etc. The presence of a palatal upglide with the mid-central vowel of first, church, work, etc. The presence of a palatal upglide with the low front vowel in plan, last, can’t.

8. /j/ glides for the McFadden family Lance McFadden Leslie McFadden Charles McFadden stupid stupid2 knew1knew2 knew3 news due1 due2

9. /juw/ vs. /iw/ knew3 knew1

10. Back vowels before /r/ for Leslie McFadden

11. Back vowels before /r/ for Charles McFadden

12. Map 18.1. Relics of vanishing distinctions in the South

13. Garde’s Principle: Mergers cannot be reversed by linguistic means Herzog’s Corollary: Mergers expand at the expense of distinctions General principles of merger:

14. Map 9.1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/

15. Map 11.2. Three areas of resistance to the low back merger

16. The Southern Shift

17. Project on Cross-Dialectal Comprehension: Gating Experiment 2 Word Phrase Sentence 1. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 2. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 3. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 4. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 5. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 6. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 7. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 8. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 9. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 10. ________ ________________ ___________________________ CDC South

18. The Southern Shift hit kids set bed Danny grade beatin’ Guy wipin’

19. In chain shifts, I. Tense nuclei rise along a peripheral track II. Lax nuclei fall along a non-peripheral track General principles of chain shifting

20. NCS & Southern Shift

21. The Southern Shift The Canadian Shift Southern Shift & Canadian Shift

22. Figure 18.5. Means of Vy vowels for 21 dialects. IS = Inland South; TS = Texas South; SE = Southeastern; FL = Florida

23. Percent correct in Gating Experiments by city in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY

24. Percent correct in Gating Experiments by city and educational level in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY

25. Percent correct in Gating Experiments by race and educational level in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY

26. Fig. 18.1. Percent monophthongization of /ay/

27. M18.5. Spread of monophthongization of /ay/ beyond areas shown in PEAS

28. Map 18.5. Second stage of the Southern Shift

29. Map 18.6. Third stage of the Southern Shift

30. The Southern Shift in vowel system of Thelma M., 31, Birmingham, TS 341

31. Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lance R., 45 [1997], Durham NC, TS627 wide

32. “eye” of Lance R.,. Durham

33. “wide” of Lance R., Durham

34. “bike” of Lance R., Durham

35. Where is Southern English going?

36. Map 7.1 Residual r-lessness in the Eastern U.S.

37. T18.3 Regression on SS

38. Map 9.5. Merger of /i/ and /e/ before nasals

39. Map 9.5. Merger of /i/ and /e/ before nasals (South)

40. /i/ and /e/ before /n/ for L. McFadden (highlighted = prenasal)

41. Map 9.1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/

42. Map 18.9. Back upglide with /oh/

43. Map 9.1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/

44. Map 11.11. The Southeastern Super-region

45. F12.6. Fronting of /ow/ and /uw/ after coronals for North American regions

46. Figure 11.6. Fronting of /Tuw/ and /ow/ for North American dialects

47. Figure 12.7. Fronting of /uw/ after coronals and before /l/

48. Table 12.7. Regression analysis of /uw/ before /l/ in the South

49. Back upgliding vowels of Lance R., Durham

50. What are the forces that drive or slow the development of Southern English?

51. 1. Structural

52. NCS & Southern Shift

53. What are the forces that drive or slow the development of Southern English? 2. Ideological

54. Red States and Blue States in U.S. 2004 Presidential election

55. States for Kerry in 2000 and dialect areas: solid line = Northern dialect region: dashed line = Inland North and Northern Cities Shift

56. Presidential elections in which the North [NY, MI, WI, IA, MN] has been opposed to the South [TX, AK, LA, MI, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC, KY,TN, VA]

57. Conversation between John F. Kennedy and Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana, 1960 JFK: But this isn’t 1876. Because what happens is it will become the most publicized thing... everybody’s looking, now what is this president promising this group and pretty soon you’ve got the Goddamndest mayhem. Long:... the Negro vote might be the key vote... JFK: At least I could count it... I think it’s crazy for the South because this way I’m concerned about Georgia and Louisiana and these places, here’s where we got a chance to carry them, but if I end up with no chance to carry them then I gotta go up north and try to do my business.

59. Valerie Fridland on the similar treatment of (ay) by Blacks and Whites in Memphis Tennessee These similarities are serving as markers of local regional, not ethnic affiliation in the sense of Eckert’s (2000) community of practice where social entities co-construct symbolic identity in so far as they participate in shared practices that come to characterize that group’s identity. While social unity was a part of the communities of practice explored by Eckert, I would expand her framework to suggest that these shared practices do not necessarily require individuals’ social cohesion, but merely require historical experience and a strongly circumscribing environment that places speakers in a similar social position relative to the external social world.... The modern South thus stands as a contradiction in terms of race relations with very little ethnic mixing beyond that forced by daily interaction but with a very strong sense of shared historical and cultural heritage uniting Black and White Southerners. --Fridland, Valerie 2000. Tie, tied and tight: The expansion of /ay/ monophthongization in African-American and European-American speech in Memphis, Tennessee. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7:279-298.

60. /i/ and /e/ before nasals for Allison Jones (bold = vowels before nasals)

61. /iw/ in knew1 of Leslie McFadden

62. /juw/ in knew3 of Charles McFadden

63. Survival of the /Ohr/ ~ /ohr/ distinction in the Atlas of North American English at the end of the 20th century

64. Survival of the /iw/~/uw/ distinction in the American South in the Atlas of North American English at the end of the 20th century

65. Back vowels before /r/ for Lance McFadden

66. Figure 18.9. The Southern Shift of /ay/, /ey/ and /iy/ highlighted in the normalized means of 402 Telsur speakers displayed by Plotnik Major

67. The Southern Shift in vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga TN, TS 612

68. /i/ and /e/ before /n/ for Lance McFadden