1. TROPICAL FROGS 3-25-08 Sounds of the Tropics

2. SIZE: THE RANGE IS HUGE Bufo metamorph. Bufo marinus from Surinam

3. PAROTOID GLANDS ON TOADS PRODUCE TOXIC ALKALOIDS

4. Taken in large amounts, the alkaloids are potentially deadly. Taken in small amounts, they may be hallucigenic (and unlawful). My dog, Rex, bit toads several nights in a row. Maybe he liked it – swollen eyes and all !

5. TOADS DON’T CAUSE WARTS

6. VOCAL POUCHES ARE SHAPED DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT SPECIES

7. SOME GROUPS HAVE ONE VOCAL POUCH, AND OTHERS HAVE TWO

8. A Very Loud Chorus of Frogs.

9. Bombina bombina and its unken reflex

10. UNKEN REFLEX: A DRAB COLORED ANIMAL USES BRIGHT,APOSEMATIC COLORS TO STARTLE A PREDATOR.

11. Pipa pipa is a strange, totally aquatic frog.

12. Pseudis paradoxus, is so named because its tadpole is 6” long and it metamorphoses to a 2” adult.

13. Rhinophrynus dorsalis, the Mexican Burrowing Frog, is surreal in appearance.

14. Osteocephalus taurinus, Tambopata, Perú. From the shower!

15. HYLID TOEPADS HAVE MULTIPLE SURFACES AND A CENTRAL MUCOUS GLAND

16. Hyla marmoratus, Venezuela

17. Hyla boans, one of the largest species of Hyla (this one from Trinidad).

18. Hyla geographica (l) & Yellow Cricket Treefrog, H. microcephala (r)

19. Hour Glass Treefrog, Hyla ebraccata By David Bull

20. Hyla ebraccata and eggs – Cockscomb.

21. Yellow Treefrog, Hyla microcephala in calling posture Cockscomb

22. Hyla parviceps, Tambopata, Perú.

23. Hyla rhodopepla, Tambopata, Perú.

24. Red-footed Treefrog, Hyla loquax – note the yellow body and the red along the margins of the thighs

25. Stauffer’s Treefrog, Scinax stoufferi - Belize

26. Mexican Treefrog, Smilisca baudini

27. Agalychnis annae (l) & Agalychnis craspedopus (r)

28. Agalychnis calcarifer By Bill Lamar

29. Red-eyed Treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas

30. Red-eyed Treefrogs rock!

31. A three-some – hanging by one toe (photo by Myra Hughey, 02)

32. Red-eyed Treefrogs lay their eggs on the undersides of broad leaves over water.

33. Melissa Kaintz & Myra Hughy doing their “animal observations” at the Red-eyed Treefrog pond, Cockscomb.

34. Cat-eyed Snakes love to eat Red- eyed Frog Eggs!

35. A Variety of Phyllomedusas

36. Phyllomedusa camba, Tambopata, Perú.

37. Phyllomedusa palliata, Tambopata, Perú.

38. Phyllomedusa tomopterna, Tambopata, Perú.

39. Phyllomedusa eggs over a pond, Tambopata, Perú.

40. Orange-legged Phyllomedusa, applying wax to prevent desiccation. Photos by Harvey Lilywhite, Natural History Magazine, January, 2002.

41. Phyllomedusa bicolor, a very large Amazonian monkey frog whose skin secretions are used by the natives to heighten their hearing during hunting trips – they snort the scraped and dried secretions from the skin.

42. Triprion spatulatus - its flat nose is an adaptation for living in bromeliads. When the frog is sitting in the water among the leaves, its protruding nose looks like a leaf. Such water holding plants are called phytotelms.

43. Casque-headed Treefrog, Triprion petasatus - Tikal

44. Milky Treefrog, Phrynohyas venulosa & its Gook.

45. Marsupial Frog, Gastrotheca marsupialis By David Bull

46. Centrolenid Glass Frogs are Cool!

47. Centrolenid Glass Frogs are virtually transparent.

48. Couch’s Spadefoot Toad, Scaphiopus couchi

49. Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

50. What happened here?

51. Harlequin Frog, Atelopus varius

52. Golden Toad, Bufo periglenes

53. Bufo arenarum (Argentina) with three forelimbs - 1978.

54. Marine Toad, Bufo marinus

55. Bufo marinus can get really gross ticks.

56. Bufo marinus tadpoles & Mignon Faget drinking Chan.

57. Bufo valliceps, a male from Tikal

58. Campbell’s Toad, Bufo campbelli, San Miguel.

59. Bufo typhonius from the Amazon – Wow!

60. Rana vallianti, a common pond frog in Belize.

61. Eleutherodactylus preposypharus, from the San Miguel cave.

62. Eleutherodactylus rugulosus, a forest frog from Cockscomb

63. The White-lipped Frog, Leptodactylus labialis. This species makes its whistling call from under water.

64. The Belizean tink frog, Eleutherodactylus leprus.

65. Eleuthrodactylus species

66. Túngara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus – “ phew” sound emitted as it fills with air (note the floating foam nest of this species, formed when the male kicks about in the jelly of the freshly laid eggs).

67. Túngara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus – “chuck, chuck, chuck” sound emitted as it expells its air. This is the portion of the call that attracts females. Unfortunately, it is also the portion of the call that attracts Fish Eating Bats.

68. Ceratophrys – a very predatory genus. By David Bull

69. Where’s Waldo? Hint: it’s in hunting mode.

70. A cryptic Ceratophrys cornuta, on the forest floor in Tambopata, Perú.

71. Telmatobius sp., Argentina

72. Pleurodema brachyops Predator Defense

73. Mannophryne trinitatis with tadpoles. This is a non-toxic genus of the Dendrobatidae. By John Moyle

74. Green and Black Poison Frog, Dendrobates auratus By David Bull From the American Scientist.

75. Strawberry Poison Frog, Dendrobates pumilio. If I do what this frog does weekly, I would have to climb straight up a tree trunk that is 15,200 ft high – each week.

76. Blue Poison Frog, Dendrobates azureus By David Bull

77. Harlequin Poison Frog, Dendrobates histrionicus variation By David Bull All not labeled from annual report of the American Museum of Natural History. By David Bull

78. Dendrobatid eggs By David Bull

79. Lehmann’s Poison Frog, Dendrobates lehmanni Both by David Bull

80. Yellow-banded Poison Frog, Dendrobates leucomelas By David Bull

81. Red-backed Poison Frog, Dendrobates reticulatus By David Bull

82. Dyeing Poison Frogs (or, LSU Poison Frogs), Dendrobates tinctorius Both by David Bull

83. Silverstone’s Poison Frog, Epipedobates silverstonei By David Bull

84. Phantasmal Poison Frog, Epipedibates tricolor By David Bull

85. Kokoe Poison Frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia – one of the three species of frogs known to be dangerous to humans.

86. The strongest animal toxin known to humans – Golden Poison Frog, Phyllobates terribilis

87. Elegant Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne elegans

88. Sheep Frog, Hypopachus variolosus

89. Hamptophryne boliviana, Tambopata, Perú.

91. What Frog?!?

92. The Inn.