1. The Production and Consumption of Knowledge in Business and Academia Roger Elliott ALLEA

2. Knowledge Chain Research in Science adds to an expanding corpus of knowledge which Enhances understanding of the World Used for economic and social improvement Research pattern Discovery - Dissemination - Invention – Exploitation Creation - Transfer - Consumption

3. Funding Government / Charities For “general good” cultural eg Astronomy,Archeology,HEP economic eg new technologies social eg healthcare Industry / Business For financial reward but indirect economic and social benefits Mainly application and knowhow

4. Intellectual Property Rights IPR Patents and Copyright/Database essential for ordered and effective exploitation by rewarding innovation and investment BUT balance required since can be used in ways which impede progress Copyright/Database Right affects dissemination by journal publishers (EU Database Directive seriously flawed) Patents may restrict use of new technologies in research (if too widely and vaguely drawn)

6. Community Reactions Open Access and Creative Commons to circumvent copyright restrictions Public Domain Databases eg Human Genome Compulsory Licensing eg Drugs in developing countries

7. IPR in Academe Drive to develop IPR in academic institutions because of Changes in funding for university research Reduction of research by industry Mixed Blessing since it can Distort pattern of research Misdirect university resources Universities not ideal organisations to exploit inventions and operate businesses

8. Recommendations 1 Optimise complementary roles of academe and business in the transfer and exploitation of scientific knowledge 2 Use IPR to encourage innovation and investment but not to restrict access to the results of fundamental research