1. The situation of women scientists in academia in Poland
Magdalena Zajac-Fras
Cracow University of Economics

2. Presentation: Gender structure of students
Gender structure at the universities and glass ceiling
Grants and publications among scientist
Family status and university career of academics
Expenditure on science and other problems
Conclusions

3. Gender structure of students in Poland
Persons with higher education:
Decade of eighties: 6,5%
2004: 10,2%
2010: 20%
Women are better educated than men
In the period :
the number of female students increased 5 times
the number of male students increased 4 times

4. The proportion of women among persons with the degree of the Ph. D
The proportion of women among persons with the degree of the Ph.D., the Habilitated Doctor and the title of Professor among years (1/2; 1/3; 1/4)
Ph.D.
Habilitated Doctor
Professor
Per cent of women
1970
27,40
20,70
9,40
1980
31,80
21,20
21,50
1990
30,90
21,40
22,90
2000
41,63
29,05
26,61
2003
46,94
32,12
26,81
Science and technology in 2003, Warsaw, Central Statistical Office 2004.

5. The Glass Ceiling Index (GCI) – indicator that measures the relative chance for women compared to men of reaching a top position
GCI = P / Pa
P = proportion of women in grade A+B+C
Pa = proportion of women in grade A
Grade A – Full professor
Grade B – Habilitated doctor
Grade C – Doctor
If GCI=1 there is no difference between women and men regarding promotion
The higher the value the thicker the glass ceiling
SheFigures 2006, Eurostat, p. 52, 101; Re-claiming a political voice: women and science in Central Europe, Prague 2008, p. 141.

6. The Glass Ceiling Index in academic institutions
SheFigures 2006, Eurostat, p. 59.

7. Managerial positions in higher education institutions and R&D units
Women (%)
Director
5,8
Dean
45,8
Manager
19,5
Vice-rector
14,4
Rector / Prorector
8,6
Re-claiming a political voice: women and science in Central Europe, Prague 2008, p. 142.

8. University phenomena
Lower expenditures on science, lower number of men in academia
Women as „winners among losers”
External brain drain
Internal brain drain
Source: R. Siemienska, The puzzle of gender research productivity in Polish Universities, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p

9. Trends in receiving grants and publications
Grants: professors > young researchers
Polish grants: men>women
Foreign grants: women=men
Abroad publications: men>women
Polish publications: women>men
Biggest publication productivity:
Women - age 51-65
Men – age
Source: R. Siemienska, The puzzle of gender research productivity in Polish Universities, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p

10. Time between status passages by sex in Poland (in years)
Women
Men
M.A. – Ph. D.
7,7
6,8
Ph. D. - habilitation
11,1
9,7
Habilitation - professorship
11,2
10,3
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.307.

11. Family status of academics in Poland
Variables
Women (%)
Men (%)
Married
64,7
93,3
Single/never married
13,1
1,9
Parent
74,9
92,3
Mean number of children
1,2
1,7
Mean age of having the first/only child
34,3
31,3
Mean age of having the youngest child
31,5
27,1
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.312.

12. Childcare being an obstacle to the professional work
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.317.

13. Possible conclusions:
To adjust career schemes, to take into account different life trajectories of women and their additional responsibilities in the family
To behave as if women did not bear children, assign care responsibilities to the public institutions
To support a new division of labour within families, adjust career schemes to different life trajectories
Source: A. Majcher, Seeking the guilty – Academics between career and family in Poland and Germany, in: Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective, ed. R. Siemienska, A. Zimmer, SCHOLAR, Warszaw 2008, p.324.

14. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP
Country
1992
1995
1997
2000
2001
Czech Rep.
1,72
1,01
1,16
1,33
1,3
Hungary
1,05
0,73
0,72
0,8
0,95
POLAND
0,83
0,69
0,71
0,67
0,68
Slovakia
1,8
0,93
1,09
0,65
0,64
Waste of talents: turning private struggles into a public issue, Women and Science in the Enwise countries,Science and Society, Brussels, p. 60.

15. Main problems of women in academia in Poland:
Glass ceiling
External and internal brain drain
Low expenditure on higher education, low salaries
Double burden – at home and in the workplace
Lack of childcare institutions
Different mandatory retirement ages