1. Put the K in debate

2.  Challenges the assumptions of the aff  Similar to a cp in it’s function and purpose  Offers an alternative that corrects the flawed assumptions of the aff  Generally does not involve government action

3.  Epistemology-study of knowledge  Ontology-study of being  Deontology-morality based on duty and obligation to rule  Utilitarianism- Greatest good for the greatest number  Postmodernism-period of philosophy and academia, instability and uncertainty of meaning, critical of modern philosophy

4.  Epistemology-study of knowledge  How do we acquire knowledge?  What qualifies as knowledge?  What is the relationship between knowledge, belief, and truth?

5.  Ontology-study of being  sub branch of philosophy under metaphysics  What actually exists?  What does it mean to exist?  What is the meaning of existence?

6.  Deontology-morality based on duty and obligation to rule  Categorical imperative  The result of the action is less important than the justification and reason for acting

7.  Utilitarianism- Greatest good for the greatest number  Most policy affs operate under a utilitarian framework

8.  Postmodernism-period of philosophy and academia, instability and uncertainty of meaning,  critical of modern philosophy  Embraces new fields of study  Psychology, science, sociology, etc.

9.  Greater argument diversity  Develops skills not used in traditional debate  Still trips some teams up  Talking about assumptions and justifications is important

10.  Link  Impact  alternative

11.  Links to the assumptions of the aff  Aff reinforces X  Aff props up X  Aff engages in X

12.  Perms of the K are essentially no link arguments  Proves that plan action and alt are not mutually exclusive

13.  Function similar to policy impacts, but vary in type  extinction  No value to life  Ethics  Dehumanization  Systemic impacts

14.  Non government action  Rethink/withdrawal  Change mindset/approach  Somewhat abstract  Requires strong explanation

15.  Gateway issue  Test the theoretical legitimacy of the aff  Does the neg have to offer a competitive policy option?  More judges are willing to let teams leverage than advantages than outright rejecting the k

16. Links and impacts are different Alternative Moves away from government action and consequentialism and focuses more on justification

17.  Not the same as researching policy arguments  Use primary sources  Project muse and other academic search engines  See what other authors right about the issue or author in question

18.  Practice  Understand the philosophy  Understand the story  write overviews  Break it down in the same way you break down policy arguments

19.  Role of the ballot  K is a prerequisite  Ethics first  Root cause