1. GLACIATION and RIVERS REVISION
Revise: how features formed
How to id on a map
Land use
Gathering techniques

2. Using the following description, draw the feature that is being explained.
The river is meandering across the valley,
(b) the river is eroding laterally (from side to side),
(c) the river erodes the outside of the bends and deposits on the inside so its course is changing,
(d) this erosion narrows the neck of the meander
(e) often during a flood the river will cut through the neck,
(f) the river continues in the new bed and the meander is abandoned,
(g) new deposition seals off the ends and the cut-off becomes an ox-bow lake.

3. Using the diagrams, explain how the feature was formed
River flows over an area where there are bands of softer and harder rocks,
softer rock is more quickly eroded,
the river undercuts the harder rock leaving an overhang,
the river forms a plunge pool below the waterfall,
overhanging rock is unsupported and falls into the plunge pool,
the waterfall is moved upstream,
as this process continues a gorge is cut back into the hillside.

4. Estuary
Gorge
River Cliff
River beach
Interlocking Spurs
Ox-bow lake
Flood Plain
Levee
V-shaped Valley
Waterfall
Source
Meander

5. LOOKING AT RIVERS ON AN O.S. MAP

6. What direction is the river flowing in?
You may be asked to describe the physical features of a river an an OS map. The following points should be referred to in your answer:
Examine the course of the river – is it straight or meandering? Is it in the upper, middle or lower section?
What direction is the river flowing in?
Look at the valley shape – is it V-shaped or is the river in its floodplain (contour lines will tell you)

7. Look at contour lines to work out the river’s speed eg if a river is flowing along flat ground, speed will be fairly slow.
Pick out features of the river eg meanders, ox-bow lakes, waterfall etc … quote 6-fig grid references.

8. Describe the PHYSICAL features of the River Clyde and its Valley on the between and map extract marks G03

9. There are a number of lakes which may indicate drainage problems
Describe the PHYSICAL features of the River Clyde and its Valley on the map extract marks
Clyde in this section is a winding/meandering river, generally flowing SE to NW
There are a number of lakes which may indicate drainage problems
Gentle gradient (no contour lines)
Valley floor/flood plain very wide (up to 0.5km)
Valley sides gentler on the NW.
Valley sides rise from 30 m to 100m

10. What do they tell you about the river? What are you looking at?
Describe the physical features of the River Tees AND its valley from Basselton Wood to the road bridge circled.
4 marks
What do they tell you about the river?
What are you looking at?
What should I have mentioned?
Both the valley and river
Wide meanders, wide river in lower course, embankments to prevent flooding, abandoned meanders at Ox bow lake, tidal after barrage, wide floodplain further downstream

11. The Rivers Dee and Allt an t-Slugin and their valleys are very different.
Describe these differences in detail marks C03

12. The River Dee is much wider than Allt being over 50 metres wide
The Rivers Dee and Allt an t-Slugin and their valleys are very different. Describe these differences in detail marks C03
The River Dee is much wider than Allt being over 50 metres wide
The floor of the River Dee is wide and flat, whereas the Allt is more V-shaped valley
A large area of the floodplain of the River Dee is marshy land
The Allt has a steeper gradient than the Dee, so probably flows faster
The Dee flows east, while the Allt flows south east
The Dee has steep slopes on the south side of the valley but the land on both sides of the Allt are very steep

13. Glaciation revision:
With the aid of annotated diagrams describe and explain the processes involved in the formation of glaciated features, both erosional and depositional

14. Freeze Thaw Weathering
Erosional Processes
Erosion Processes
Involve movement
Abrasion
Plucking
Freeze Thaw Weathering
Weathering Processes
happen in situ (one place)

15. Plucking Maximum erosion occurs where the weight of ice is
the greatest
Plucking happens when glacial
ice freezes and sticks to rock.
Plucking
steepens the
Backwall.
Glacier
When the glacier moves, large
angular pieces of rock are
pulled/plucked away with it.
Mountain

16. Abrasion
Rocks carried by a glacier act like sandpaper, on a giant scale, rubbing against and wearing away the sides and floor of the valley. This leads to the valley getting steeper, deeper and wider. The bedrock is polished smooth by the ice as it moves across it.
Rocks carried by the glacier grind at the base and sides of valley
Where the ice flows over the rock it is polished
Where the rocks scrape the rock striations are formed

17. Freeze Thaw Weathering

18. Formation of a corrie a) snow collects in hollows
b) snow compacts to ice
c) ice moves under gravity, lubricated by meltwater
d) ice rotates to lip
e) abrasion deepens corrie
f) plucking steepens back and sides
g) corrie lochan (tarn) may fill hollow.

19. Formation of an arete
Steep sided ridges which formed as the hollow deepened to form the corries.
Frost shattering further sharpened the ridges leaving them rocky and jagged.

20. Formation of a pyramidal peak
Steep sided frost isolated summits are formed when the backwall of 3 or more corries converge, mainly due to plucking action

21. Formation of a U-shaped valley
Your Text Here
Formation of a U-shaped valley
The v-shaped valley is filled by a glacier
The glacier abrades the valley sides and plucks at the valley floors
The interlocking spurs become steep sided truncated spurs
When the glacier reteats/melts a misfit stream or ribbon lake is left behind
Former tributaries become hanging valleys

22. Depositional landforms

23. fluvioglacial deposition glacial deposition glacial deposition
lateral and
medial moraine
ground
moraine
fluvioglacial
deposition
glacial deposition
snout
outwash sand
and gravel
terminal moraine

24. MORAINES Pieces of rock picked up by glaciers are called moraines
Terminal or end moraine, is found at the front of the glacier and marks the furthest extent of the advance of the glacier.
Debris is pushed at the snout of the glacier and extends across trough.
It is made up of unsorted clay, sand and rocks.
MORAINES Pieces of rock picked up by glaciers are called moraines

25. drumlin
Drumlins are smooth, elongated mounds of ground moraine or till which has been deposited by the ice but shaped while the ice was still moving.
The steep side faces the ice
movement.
Drumlins often occur in swarms or groups.

26. Sorted sands and gravels
description - This is a meandering ridge if sand and gravel. explanation - This feature is formed of sand and gravel deposited on the bed of a river flowing beneath the ice.
Esker
Drumlin
Terminal Moraine
Kettle Hole
Till
Outwash Plain
Sorted sands and gravels