1. Gibraltar Steven Dutch University of Wisconsin – Green Bay

2. Gibraltar

4. Strait of Gibraltar

8. View of Gibraltar

9. Gibraltar May have been inhabited 100,000 years ago 20,000 years ago: The Last Neanderthals? One of the two pillars of Hercules No strategic significance in ancient times – No water, wood, arable land, safe anchorage Tariq ibn Zayid lands nearby in 711 – Jebel al-Tariq  Gibraltar

10. Gibraltar Spain recaptures Gibraltar 1462 Dutch fleet destroys Spanish fleet 1607 Philip II dies childless in 1700 – Two rival claimants: French and Austrian – War of the Spanish Succession – Britain takes Gibraltar, 1704 British Gibraltar – Base against pirates – Bargaining chip

11. First Known View, 1567

12. British Gibraltar Spain did not like losing Gibraltar (and still not happy about it) Numerous attempts to recapture Great Siege 1779-1782 – Siege ends when Britain returns Florida and Minorca to Spain – You didn’t even know Britain owned Florida, did you? Crimean War (1854-56) and Suez Canal (1867) finally make strategic value obvious

13. Gibraltar in World War II 1939: Airfield Constructed 1940: Most civilians evacuated 1940: Vichy French air raids 1940-43: Italian air and frogman raids Sabotage by Spanish Agents Working for Germany 1940-41: Operation Felix – German plan to capture Gibraltar – Spanish refuse to cooperate

14. Gibraltar in World War II 1941-42: Operation Tracer – Stay-behind team in case of German capture 1942: North African campaign – Eisenhower uses Gibraltar as HQ – 30 miles of tunnels dug, housed 30,000 troops – Gibraltar has more tunnel than road After 1943, Gibraltar became a Rear Supply Base

15. View From the Top

16. The Moorish Castle

17. Waterfall on Gibraltar

19. The Real Owners of Gibraltar

20. Riddled With Caves

21. St. Michael’s Cavern

22. Great Siege Tunnels

23. WWII Tunnel

24. How Did Gibraltar Come to Be?

25. The Mediterranean, 200 m.y.

26. The Mediterranean, 195 m.y.

27. The Mediterranean, 175 m.y.

28. The Mediterranean, 165 m.y.

29. The Mediterranean, 148 m.y.

30. The Mediterranean, 123 m.y.

31. The Mediterranean, 110 m.y.

32. The Mediterranean, 80 m.y.

33. The Mediterranean, 63 m.y.

34. The Mediterranean, 53 m.y.

35. 20 Million Years Ago

36. 15 Million Years Ago

37. 6 Million Years Ago

38. Filling the Mediterranean National Geographic, January, 1973