1. Sweden Ann-Zofie Duvander Centre for studies of Social Policy and Family Dynamics in Europe (SPaDE) Demography unit, Dept. of Sociology, Stockholm University ann-zofie.duvander@sociology.su.se

2. Outline Sweden’s demographic situation Family policy in Sweden What do we know about the connection?

3. The Swedish population grows Population 1900-2008 and projection 2009-2060 Millions

4. An ageing population

5. Immigration to Sweden 2000-2009

6. Population in Sweden 2008 75% 14% 7% 4% 6,9milj 1,3milj 0,6 milj 0,4 milj Born in Sweden with two parents born in Sweden Born abroad Born in Sweden with one parent born abroad Born in Sweden with two parents born abroad

7. Swedish Total Fertility Rate 1961-2009

8. Difference in Total Fertility Rate 8 Number of children per woman 0 Born in Sweden with two Swedish-born parents Foreign-born Born in Sweden, one foreign-born parent Born in Sweden, two foreign-born parents

9. Completed fertility of women born mid-1960 13 % Childless 15 % One child 44 % Two children 19 % Three children 9 % Four or more children

10. Parity specific fertility intensity Third child

11. Goals of the Family Policy Good economic living conditions for all families Facilitate the combination of family and work Done by: Work life regulations Child care facilities Parental leave insurance

12. Labour Market Regulations Right to long exit with parental leave Right to reduce work hours to 75% Right to temporary leave with sick children Women right to 7 weeks before delivery

13. Swedish day care Pedagogic activity Assistance for working parents Guaranteeing social conditions for children in marginalized groups Expansion mainly in 1970-80s Goal: All children should be offered place

14. Participation in day care in the 2000s 50 % of all children aged 1 91 % of all children aged 2 95 % of all children aged 3 98 % of all children aged 4

15. Parental Insurance Introduced 1974 Pregnancy Benefit Parental Leave Benefit Temporary Parental Benefit Goals: Gender equality Combine family and working life Emphasize shared responsibility of child raising

16. Parental Benefit 240 days for each parent – 480 per child 60 days non-transferable 390 days income related, 80% 90 days flat rate Time frame: 8 years Flexibility – full / part time

17. Fathers’ share of parental leave use

18. New reforms 1st of July 2008 Gender Equality Bonus Child Home Care Allowance …so far we have seen no effect of the Bonus and no studies on effects of the Child Home Care Allowance

19. Other benefits Child allowance Care allowance Housing allowance Maintenance support

20. What do we know about connection family policy and fertility? For example… Father’s parental leave is associated with continued childbearing Women (and men) with high income and stable labour market situation have higher propensity of childbearing Child care characteristics do not seem to influence childbearing

21. Challenge for the future Increasing diversity in population, labour market and policy usage Adapt the insurance to different usage?

22. Thank you for listening!

23. Labour force participation, Sweden 1964-2004

24. Difference in Total Fertility Rate Immigrants for EU (non-nordic) 24 0 Born in Sweden with two Swedish-born parents Foreign-born Born in Sweden, one foreign-born parent Born in Sweden, two foreign-born parents Number of children per woman