1. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Global Oil Market James L. Williams WTRG Economics Oklahoma State University February 22-23, 2010 Stillwater, Oklahoma Tulsa, Oklahoma

2. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Oil Price - It’s not Econ 101 A.Price = f ( Supply, Demand ) B.Price = f ( Myth, Perception, Reality ) C.Price = f (Conspiracies, Politics, OPEC) D.None of the above E.All of the above Our goal is to know what is knowable and to identify the major uncertainties.

3. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Petroleum Consumption 12 Year Low -10%

4. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Slow Recovery from 1978 – 1983 Drop -6% -19% 20 years

5. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Residential Sector Never Recovers 1978 – 1983 Drop -6% -19% 20 years

6. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Commercial Sector Never Recovers 1978 – 1983 Drop -6% -19% 20 years

7. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Power Sector Never Recovers 1978 – 1983 Drop -6% -19% 20 years

8. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Industrial Sector Eventually Recovers 1978 – 1983 Drop -6% -19% 20 years

9. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Transportation Sector Recovers Quickly from 1978 – 1983 Drop and Peaks before the Current Recession -6% -19%

10. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Consumption Lessons from the 1970s First Price Spike: 1973 Embargo Short-term drop in consumption More efficient autos (5 year delay) Better home insulation Fuel switching - natural gas, nuclear Second Price Spike: Iranian Revolution & Iraq Invades Iran 1978-1980 Long-term effects from 1973 combine with reaction to new price increase US consumption drops 19% Returns to 1978 level 20 years later.

11. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com World - Consumption

12. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com OECD - Consumption

13. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Non OECD - Consumption

14. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com China - Consumption

15. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com India - Consumption

16. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Asia Ex. China, India & Japan

17. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Rotary Rig Count

18. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Rotary Rig Count & Revenue

19. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Rotary Rig Count - Oil

20. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Rotary Rig Count - Gas

21. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com U.S. Rotary Rig Count - Horizontal

22. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com International Rotary Rig Count - Oil

23. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com OPEC Rotary Rig Count

24. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com World Oil Production

25. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Non OPEC Oil Production

26. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Russia & USSR Oil Production

27. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Non OPEC Declines in Oil Production

28. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Non OPEC Gains Oil Production

29. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com OPEC Oil Production

30. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Iraq, Iran, Kuwait & Nigeria Oil Production

31. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Saudi Swing Producer

32. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Venezuela - Chavez under threat?

33. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Rules for Oil Price Forecasting 1.Never mention a price & a date in the same talk. 2.If you can’t forecast well forecast often. 3.If you are ever lucky enough to get it right, don’t let anyone forget it

34. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Supply Interruption Price Risk

35. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Price Risk – Recession

36. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Inventory / Consumption

37. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Demand for Futures Contracts Greater Impact Than Physical Demand?

38. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Demand for Futures Contracts Greater Impact Than Physical Demand?

39. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Futures Price and Stocks at Cushing, OK

40. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Demand for Futures Contracts Greater Impact Than Physical Demand Downside Risk Index funds, ETFs and swap dealers have been often been exempt from limits on number of contracts they can hold. End of September futures and options held by this group represented the equivalent of 1/2 of all NYMEX contracts. They are net long (buyers) and the equivalent of 1/3 of all futures contracts. This increased demand for futures (not physical oil) has increased the futures price. The futures price impacts the spot or cash price.

41. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Politics, Geopolitics & Nature Supply Interruptions Wars Natural disasters Consumer Policies Taxes – Transportation, Carbon CAFÉ – More Efficient Auto Law Import duties / restrictions Price controls Producer / OPEC Policies Quotas Embargos Taxes Royalty rates

42. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com OPEC Production Risk Production Quotas Saudi Arabia / Yemen Venezuela Embargo Unlikely Revolution Possible? Nigeria Niger Delta / MEND Iraq +2 million??? Iran Psychological Israel Attacks?

43. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com OPEC Concerns * OECD economy * Asian economy * Strength of the dollar * Non-OPEC production gains * Fuel switching o Natural Gas o Nuclear o Biofuels o Coal to liquids o Gas to liquids * Taxes on petroleum products * Carbon Tax * Expansion of public transportation * Efficiency * Increased oil & gas exploration * Higher taxes on petroleum

44. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Consuming Nations Consumer concerns * Global warming * Peak oil * Security of Supply Economic Military * Supply interruption OPEC member Hurricane * Dependence * World economy Consumer responses * Fuel switching * Natural gas * Nuclear * Biofuels * Coal to liquids * Natural gas to liquids * Improved Storage Device * Batteries * Natural gas * Taxes on petroleum products * Expansion - public transportation * Efficiency * Increased oil & gas exploration

45. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Risks for 2010 Upside Saudi Arabia / Yemen Venezuela Nigeria Iraq Iran Hurricanes OPEC production cut Refineries Downside U.S. Recession European Recession Asian growth More OPEC Capacity More non-OPEC Capacity Fuel Switching Efficiency

46. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com 2015 - 2025 Better battery Gas to liquids Coal to liquids Oil from algae Nuclear Solar generation Wind generation Tidal generation Geothermal Petrol powered cars lose share to electric and natural gas Desuburbanization Smaller homes Passive solar heating & cooling homes & buildings More efficient everything

47. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Natural Gas

48. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Natural Gas Gás natural

49. OSU February 22-23, 2010James L. Williams WTRG Economics 479-293-4081 www.wtrg.com Contact Information James L. Williams WTRG Economics P.O. Box 250 London, Arkansas 72847 Phone: 479-293-4081 Email: wtrg@wtrg.com Website: www.wtrg.comwtrg@wtrg.com