1. The Age of Jefferson

2. A. Mr. Jefferson
as President

3. Political Beliefs “The government that governs least, governs best”
Believed in states rights, not a strong national government
U.S. should be an agrarian republic
People shouldn’t be dependent on others for their livelihood
Wanted to mend political rifts
“We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans”

4. Changes to the office of President
Presidential Messages ended
Woodrow Wilson next Pres to give addresses
Alien and Sedition Acts Reversal
Most had expired, but reversed residency requirements & pardoned those convicted
Excise Taxes
Repealed them
The Army, Navy, & Govt
Reduced them
The White House
1st to live there

5. Things that remained the same
Dealing with the debt
Kept Hamilton’s plans in place to pay off the debt
Reduced the debt from $87 million to $50 million
Tariffs
The Bank of the United States

6. B. John Marshall
& the Supreme Court

7. John Marshall Became Supreme Court Chief Justice in 1801
Appointed by J. Adams
Held the position for 34 years
Worked to establish the powers of the Judicial Branch
Judicial Review

8. Judiciary Act of 1801
Passed by the Federalists to maintain control over the Judicial Branch 19 days before Adams left office
Created new Judgeships and other positions
Adams rushed to fill the positions
“Midnight Judges” – men who were last minute (literally) appointments by Adams

9. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
William Marbury was one of the Midnight Judges (3/3/01)
His commission was supposed to be delivered by the new Secretary of State James Madison
Jefferson & Madison were angry about the Midnight Judges
Madison refuses to deliver the commission
Marbury sues Madison for his job
Case goes to the Supreme Court
Marshall makes the decision
Marbury was entitled to the position, but the Court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission
Found parts of the Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional

10. Judicial Review Concept established by the Marbury v. Madison case
The Courts have the power to decide the constitutionality of a law
Constitutionality is whether or not a law violates the Constitution
If it does, it is not a valid law

11. Samuel Chase An associate justice of the Supreme Court
Was a Federalist
Jefferson & D-Rs wanted to gain more power in the Judicial Branch
Tried to impeach him for his biased opinions
Failed – he hadn’t committed any crimes
Reassured the independence of the Judicial Branch

12. C. The Louisiana
Purchase (1803)

13. Louisiana is returned to the French
Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) returned Louisiana to the French
American access to New Orleans is put into jeopardy

14. Napoleon wants to sell Louisiana
Failed to regain control of Haiti
Wanted to concentrate on Europe

15. U.S. reasons for Purchasing
Wanted to have access to New Orleans
Jefferson’s agrarian society needed room for expansion
James Monroe sent to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans
Was offered all of Louisiana

16. The Purchase Problem for Jefferson: Was this constitutional?
Federalists argue no, D-R argue yes
U.S. paid $15 million for 828,000 square miles

17. Lewis and Clark ( )
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent to explore the territory
Sacagawea helped

18. D. Foreign Relations
under Jefferson

19. Tripolitan War (a.k.a. Barbary War) (1801 – 1805)
Barbary States (Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, & Morocco)
Blackmailed countries to pay a tribute for protection from pirates
Jefferson refused to continue paying the tribute
Pasha of Tripoli declared war
Jefferson orders the navy to defend American ships in the Mediterranean
Battles ensue
Inconclusive results:
Barbary states sued for peace
U.S. would still pay a tribute for protection
U.S. showed military strength

20. Dealing with the Napoleonic Wars
Fighting continues between France & Britain
Both sides want to end trade between the U.S. & their enemy:
Blockades created
France continued seizing
American ships
Britain continued seizing
Britain Impressed American sailors
into the British navy
British sailors began to desert the Royal Navy for American merchant ships

21. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
June 22, 1807
HMS Leopard demanded to board the USS Chesapeake to search for deserters
Chesapeake refused
Leopard fired on the Chesapeake and boarded anyways
3 Americans died
Jefferson’s Response:
- Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.
- Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

22. Embargo Act (1807) Passed in response to Chesapeake-Leopard affair
Ended all exports from the United States to foreign nations
Passed to pressure Britain and France to recognize American neutrality
Problem:
It hurt the U.S. more
Exports dropped by 80% by 1808
1807: Exports worth $108 million
1808: Exports worth $22 million

23. Embargo Act (1807) Country thrown into a depression
New England hurt the most
South & West had crops that piled up
Smuggling became common
Enforcement was difficult
Jefferson had Congress pass harsh enforcement laws
Very costly to enforce
Congress repealed the Act 3 days before Jefferson left office

24. Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Replaced the Embargo Act
Forbid the export of goods with only Britain and France
Remained U. S. policy until 1812
Unexpected Consequences:
N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened]
Laid the groundwork for US industrial power
Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US