1. Congress Ashlyn Nassar, Julie Bontems, Tess Bedell

2. I.Congress and the Persian Gulf, 1990-91 A.Congressional Breakdown 1.Parties 2.Votes B.Structural Aspects 1.Committees 2.Congressional Human Rights Caucus C.Powers Used and Unused 1.Legislative 2.Oversight 3.Power of the Purse Overview

3. II. Congress and the Bosnian Intervention,1994-95 A.Congressional Breakdown 1.Parties 2.Votes B.Structural Aspects 1.Committees 2.Congressional Human Rights Caucus C.Powers Used and Unused 1.Legislative 2.Oversight 3.Power of the Purse

4. Congressional Breakdown - Desert Shield 102nd United States Congress (1991-1993) ● Senate o 56 Democrats o 44 Republicans ● House of Representatives o 267 Democrats o 167 Republicans o 1 Independent

5. Congressional Voting - Desert Shield Authorization of Military Force Against Iraq ● Senate Joint Resolution 2 o Approved 52 to 47 o Democrats - 10 to 45 o Republicans - 42 to 2 ● House Joint Resolution 77 o Approved 250 to 183 o Democrats - 86 to 179 o Republicans - 164 to 3 o Independents - 0 to 1

6. Structural Aspects - Desert Shield Congressional Committees ●Hearings before the invasion ○ Senate Armed Services Committee ○ House Committee on Foreign Affairs ●Following the decision to invade ○ Funding and logistics Congressional Caucuses ● Congressional Human Rights Caucus

7. Congressional Powers - Desert Shield Legislative powers vs. Oversight: ● Bush sought congressional authorization for a war which the military was already prepared to fight ● House of Representatives passed a resolution supporting the President’s deployment of forces to defend Saudi Arabia ● The Senate passed a more limited resolution supporting the President’s actions in the U.N. and his demand for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait

8. Congressional Powers - Desert Shield Power of the Purse: ● First formal congressional action of the Gulf War: A continuing resolution that appropriated just over $2 billion for Desert Shield ● $61.1 billion overall, but was fought with only $1 billion in specific appropriations ● Congress authorized the use of force in January 1991, but did not appropriate funds for Desert Storm until April 1991; in the meantime, the entire Gulf War was waged and won

9. Congressional Breakdown - Joint Endeavor 104th United States Congress (1995-1997) ● Senate o 47 Democrats o 53 Republicans ● House of Representatives o 204 Democrats o 230 Republicans o 1 Independent

10. Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor Bosnia and Herzegovina Self Defense Act of 1995 ● Senate Bill 21 o Passed 69 to 29 o Democrats - 21 to 24 o Republicans - 48 to 5 ● House Vote on Senate Bill 21 o Passed 298 to 128 o Democrats - 93 to 103 o Republicans - 204 to 25 o Independents - 1 to 0

11. Congressional Voting - Joint Endeavor Authorization of Troop Deployment in Bosnia ● Senate Joint Resolution 44 o Passed 69 to 30 o Democrats - 45 to 1 o Republicans - 24 to 29 ● House Resolution 302 o Passed 287 to 141 o Democrats - 65 to 130 o Republicans - 221 to 11 o Independents - 1 to 0

12. Structural Aspects - Joint Endeavor Committees ●Senate Committee on Armed Services ○ Chairman Sam Nunn 1994 ○ Strom Thurmond 1996 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ●Special agency created by Congress 1976 ●Consists of 9 representatives and 9 senators, and 3 executive agency members ●Hearing on humanitarian issue in Bosnia

13. Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor Legislative powers: Clinton veto ● Both houses passed the measure to end the United States part in the embargo by two-thirds majorities. ● The Senate majority leader, Bob Dole agreed about the volatility of the situation ● The Senate minority leader, Tom Daschle, thought there was enough support to sustain the veto, but added that it was "a very close call," ● Clinton warned that unilaterally ending the United States role in the embargo would damage mutual security agreements with allies.

14. Congressional Powers - Joint Endeavor Oversight and War Powers Resolution: ● President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed.bombing campaign in Kosovo ● What about the War Powers Resolution? ● The War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization. ● Challenged by a member of Congress but the court found the issue was a “non-justiciable” political question

15. Conclusions ●Political Parties and Voting: foreign policy approval divides along party lines ●Structure: Leaders in Congress and the President ●Powers: Congress elected to use certain powers depending on perception of the issue at hand

16. Works Cited ● http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/world/confrontation-gulf-congress-acts-authorize-war-gulf-margins-are-5-votes-senate.html http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/world/confrontation-gulf-congress-acts-authorize-war-gulf-margins-are-5-votes-senate.html ● http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-10/news/mn-12378_1_white-house http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-10/news/mn-12378_1_white-house ● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/14/world/balkan-accord-congress-anguished-senators-vote-support-bosnia-mission-clinton.html http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/14/world/balkan-accord-congress-anguished-senators-vote-support-bosnia-mission-clinton.html ● http://www.cnn.com/US/9512/bosnia/12-13/pm/ http://www.cnn.com/US/9512/bosnia/12-13/pm/ ● http://www.senate.gov/ http://www.senate.gov/ ● http://history.house.gov/ http://history.house.gov/ ● http://clerk.house.gov/ http://clerk.house.gov/ ● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HJ00077:@@@L&summ2=m& http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HJ00077:@@@L&summ2=m& ● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SJ00002:@@@L&summ2=m& http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SJ00002:@@@L&summ2=m& ● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SN00021:@@@L&summ2=m& http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SN00021:@@@L&summ2=m& ● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SJ00044:@@@L&summ2=m& http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:SJ00044:@@@L&summ2=m& ● http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:HE00302:@@@L&summ2=m& http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d104:HE00302:@@@L&summ2=m& ● http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/ns97050.pdf http://www.gao.gov/archive/1997/ns97050.pdf ● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hjackson/WarBudgeting_39.pdf http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/hjackson/WarBudgeting_39.pdf ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution ● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017591584;view=1up;seq=5 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017591584;view=1up;seq=5 ● http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/25/world/senate-leaders-fight-plan-to-lift-bosnia-arms-embargo.html http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/25/world/senate-leaders-fight-plan-to-lift-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025747560;view=1up;seq=56 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025747560;view=1up;seq=56 ● http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/12/world/clinton-vetoes-lifting-bosnia-arms-embargo.html ● http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000031705462;view=1up;seq=3 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000031705462;view=1up;seq=3