1. America’s History Sixth Edition
Henretta • Brody • Dumenil
America’s History Sixth Edition
CHAPTER 7
Politics and Society in the New Republic,
Copyright © 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin’s and Matthew Ellington, Ruben S. Ayala High School

2. 1. The Political Crisis of the 1790s
The Federalists Implement the Constitution
Hamilton's Financial Program
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
The French Revolution Divides Americans
The Rise of Political Parties
Constitutional Crisis,
2. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution
The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance
Migration and the Changing Farm Economy
The Jeffersonian Presidency
Jefferson and the West
3. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of American Politics
Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
The War of 1812
The Federalist Legacy

3. The Federalists Implement the Constitution
Washington established important precedents but took control of the federal bureaucracy
Congress passed a Judiciary Act and Bill of Rights

4. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Assumption: paying off the states’ war debts
Funding at Par: paying off 100% of debt
National Bank: federal currency, led to debate over strict vs. loose interpretation of Constitution
Funded by excise taxes and revenue tariffs
Capitol moved to upper south (Washington DC)

5. Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
Factions by 1794:
Federalists (Hamilton) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)
Jeffersonian ideal= nation of farmers

6. The French Revolution Divides Americans
Proclamation of Neutrality 1793 kept US out of European War and helped Northern economy
Whiskey Rebellion crushed by the federal government--showing its newfound power
Jay’s Treaty- postponed war with England
Pickney’s Treaty- US free use of Mississippi

7. The Rise of Political Parties
Federalists: pro-British, loose construction, northern merchants, creditors, urban artisans
Republicans: pro-French, strict construction, southern planters, western farmers, others
XYZ affair (1797) led to a quasi-war with France and weakened affection for France in the US

8. Constitutional Crisis, 1798-1800
Federalist Congress passed Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts to silence criticism
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws
Jefferson won a bitter, close campaign for President
Crises were averted when Hamilton supported Jefferson over Burr and Federalists left peacefully

9. The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance
Threats and bribes led tribes to cede land to US
Treaty of Greenville established US domination over Indians in lands east of the Mississippi River
Most Indians resisted federal assimilation attempts

10. Migration & the Changing Farm Economy
Many moved west, but wealthy often controlled much of the land
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin greatly increased cotton and slavery
Technology helped northern farmers

11. The Jeffersonian Presidency
Virginia Dynasty: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
Barbary War showed emerging US military might
Marbury vs. Madison (1803): Judicial Review
Jefferson shrank size of government and military but kept many Federalist officials and the Bank of US

12. Jefferson and the West Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of US
In 1804 Lewis and Clark explored new US lands
Burr was involved in plots to break apart US

13. Conflict in the Atlantic and the West
Impressment and the USS Chesapeake incident almost led US to war with Britain in 1807
Embargo Act of 1807 cut all trade, and hurt shippers
Causes of War of 1812
British impressment of American sailors
War hawks’ desire to gain Canada and Florida
British aid to Native Americans and forts in northwest

14. The War of 1812 Poorly fought by US and opposed in New England
Hartford Convention called for Federalist reforms
Treaty of Ghent retained prewar borders

15. The Federalist Legacy
Federalist Party faded and Republicans split into two factions: Nationalist and Jeffersonian/Democrat
Marshall Court strengthened judicial authority, the supremacy of national laws, and property rights
Adams-Onis Treaty gave US Florida in 1819
Monroe Doctrine warned Europe against colonization