1. Occlusal radiography

2. Terminology and classification
I.Maxillary occlusal projections
Upper standard occlusal (standard occlusal)
Upper oblique occlusal (oblique occlusal)
Vertex occlusal (vertex occlusal)

3. II.Mandibular occlusal projections
Lower 90 degrees occlusal (true occlusal)
Lower 45 degrees occlusal (standard occlusal)
Lower oblique occlusal (oblique occlusal)

4. Standard maxillary occlusal

5. Standard maxillary occlusal

6. Main clinical indications
Periapical assessment of the upper anterior teeth in patients unable to tolerate periapical films
Detecting the presence of unerupted canines, supernumeraries and odontomes
As the midline view, when using the parallax method for determining the bucco/palatal position of unerupted canines

7. Evaluation of the size and extent of lesions such as cysts or tumors in the anterior maxilla
Assessment of fractures of the anterior teeth and alveolar bone, especially useful for children

8. Upper oblique occlusal

9. Upper oblique occlusal

10. Main clinical indications
Periapical assessment of the upper posterior teeth, especially in adults unable to tolerate posterior periapical films
Evaluation of the size and extent of lesions in the posterior maxilla
Assessment of the condition of the antral floor

11. Determination of the position of roots displaced inadvertently into the antrum during attempted extraction of upper posterior teeth
Assessment of fractures of the posterior teeth and associated alveolar bone including the tuberosity

12. Clinical indications- assessment of the bucco/palatal position unerupted canines
Disadvantages:
- There is a lack of detail and contrast on the film because of the intensifying screens, the mass of tissues the X-ray beam has to penetrate and the consequent scatter

13. Disadvantages
The primary X-ray beam may be in direct line with the reproductive organs
A relatively long exposure time is needed
(about 1 second) despite the use of intensifying screens
There is direct radiation to the pituitary gland and the lens of the eye
If the X-ray beam is positioned too far anteriorly, superimposition of the shadow of the frontal bones may obscure the anterior part of the maxilla

14. Lower 90 degrees occlusal

15. Main clinical indications
Detection of the presence and position of radiopaque calculi in the submandibular salivary ducts
Assessment of the bucco/lingual position of unerupted mandibular teeth
Evaluation of the bucco/lingual expansion of the body of the mandible by cysts, tumours or osteodystrophies
Assessment of displacement fractures of the anterior body of the mandible in the horizontal plane

16. Lower 45 degrees occlusal

17. Main clinical indications
Periapical assessment of the lower incisor teeth, especially useful in adults and children unable to tolerate periapical films
Evaluation of the size and extent of lesions in the anterior part of the mandible
Assessment of displacement fractures of the anterior mandible in the vertical plane

18. Lower oblique occlusal

19. Lower oblique occlusal

20. Main indications
Detection of radiopaque calculi in a submandibular salivary gland
Assessment of the bucco/lingual position of impacted lower wisdom teeth
Evaluation of the extent and expansion of lesions in the posterior mandible